Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

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Objectives Electrical Potential Energy Potential Difference Sample Problem

Chapter 17 Objectives

Section 1 Electric Potential

Distinguish between electrical potential energy, electric potential, and potential difference.
Solve problems involving electrical energy and potential difference. Describe the energy conversions that occur in a battery.

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Electrical Potential Energy

Electrical potential energy is potential energy associated with a charge due to its position in an electric field. Electrical potential energy is a component of mechanical energy.
ME = KE + PEgrav + PEelastic + PEelectric

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Electrical Potential Energy, continued

Electrical potential energy can be associated with a charge in a uniform field.
Electrical Potential Energy in a Uniform Electric Field PEelectric = qEd

electrical potential energy = (charge) (electric field strength) (displacement from the reference point in the direction of the field)

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Electrical Potential Energy

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Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference
Electric Potential equals the work that must be performed against electric forces to move a charge from a reference point to the point in question, divided by the charge. The electric potential associated with a charge is the electric energy divided by the charge:

PEelectric V q

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference, continued

Potential Difference equals the work that must be performed against electric forces to move a charge between the two points in question, divided by the charge. Potential difference is a change in electric potential. PEelectric V q change in electric potential energy potential difference electric charge

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference
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Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference, continued

The potential difference in a uniform field varies with the displacement from a reference point. Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field V = Ed potential difference = (magnitude of the electric field displacement)

Chapter 17 Sample Problem

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Energy and Potential Difference A charge moves a distance of 2.0 cm in the direction of a uniform electric field whose magnitude is 215 N/C.As the charge moves, its electrical potential energy decreases by 6.9 10-19 J. Find the charge on the moving particle. What is the potential difference between the two locations?

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy and Potential Difference Given: PEelectric = 6.9 1019 J d = 0.020 m E = 215 N/C Unknown: q=? V = ?

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy and Potential Difference Use the equation for the change in electrical potential energy. PEelectric = qEd Rearrange to solve for q, and insert values.

PEelectric (6.9 10 19 J) q Ed (215 N/C)(0.020 m) q 1.6 10 19 C

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy and Potential Difference The potential difference is the magnitude of E times the displacement.
V Ed (215 N/C)(0.020 m) V 4.3 V

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference, continued

At right, the electric potential at point A depends on the charge at point B and the distance r.
An electric potential exists at some point in an electric field regardless of whether there is a charge at that point.

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Potential Difference, continued

The reference point for potential difference near a point charge is often at infinity. Potential Difference Between a Point at Infinity and a Point Near a Point Charge q V kC r
potential difference = Coulomb constant value of the point charge distance to the point charge

The superposition principle can be used to calculate the electric potential for a group of charges.

Chapter 17

Section 1 Electric Potential

Superposition Principle and Electric Potential

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Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

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Objectives Capacitors and Charge Storage Energy and Capacitors Sample Problem

Chapter 17 Objectives

Section 2 Capacitance

Relate capacitance to the storage of electrical potential energy in the form of separated charges.
Calculate the capacitance of various devices. Calculate the energy stored in a capacitor.

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitors and Charge Storage

A capacitor is a device that is used to store electrical potential energy.
Capacitance is the ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges. The SI units for capacitance is the farad, F, which equals a coulomb per volt (C/V)

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitors and Charge Storage, continued

Capacitance is the ratio of charge to potential difference.
Q C V magnitude of charge on each plate capacitance = potential difference

Chapter 17 Capacitance

Section 2 Capacitance

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Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitors and Charge Storage, continued

Capacitance depends on the size and shape of a capacitor.
Capacitance for a Parallel-Plate Capacitor in a Vacuum A C 0 d
capacitance = permittivity of a vacuum area of one of the plates distance between the plates

0 permittivity of the medium 8.85 10 C /N m

12 2

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitors and Charge Storage, continued

The material between a capacitors plates can change its capacitance. The effect of a dielectric is to reduce the strength of the electric field in a capacitor.

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitors in Keyboards

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Parallel-Plate Capacitor
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Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Energy and Capacitors

The potential energy stored in a charged capacitor depends on the charge and the potential difference between the capacitors two plates.
1 PEelectric QV 2
electrical potential energy = 1 2 (charge on one plate)(final potential difference)

Chapter 17 Sample Problem

Section 2 Capacitance

Capacitance A capacitor, connected to a 12 V battery, holds 36 C of charge on each plate. What is the capacitance of the capacitor? How much electrical potential energy is stored in the capacitor? Given: Q = 36 C = 3.6 105 C V = 12 V Unknown: C=? PEelectric = ?

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Sample Problem, continued

Capacitance To determine the capacitance, use the definition of capacitance.
Q 3.6 10 5 C C V 12 V C 3.0 10 6 F 3.0 F

Chapter 17

Section 2 Capacitance

Sample Problem, continued

Capacitance To determine the potential energy, use the alternative form of the equation for the potential energy of a charged capacitor:
PEelectric PEelectric 1 C ( V )2 2 1 (3.0 10 6 F)(12 V)2 2

PEelectric 2.2 10 4 J

Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

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Objectives Current and Charge Movement Drift Velocity Resistance to Current

Chapter 17 Objectives

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Describe the basic properties of electric current, and solve problems relating current, charge, and time. Distinguish between the drift speed of a charge carrier and the average speed of the charge carrier between collisions. Calculate resistance, current, and potential difference by using the definition of resistance. Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic materials, and learn what factors affect resistance.

Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Current and Charge Movement

Electric current is the rate at which electric charges pass through a given area.

I
electric current =

Q t
time interval

charge passing through a given area

Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Conventional Current
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Chapter 17 Drift Velocity

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Drift velocity is the the net velocity of a charge carrier moving in an electric field.
Drift speeds are relatively small because of the many collisions that occur when an electron moves through a conductor.

Chapter 17 Drift Velocity

Section 3 Current and Resistance

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Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Resistance to Current
Resistance is the opposition presented to electric current by a material or device.
The SI units for resistance is the ohm () and is equal to one volt per ampere. Resistance

V I potential difference resistance current R

Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Resistance to Current, continued

For many materials resistance is constant over a range of potential differences. These materials obey Ohms Law and are called ohmic materials. Ohms low does not hold for all materials. Such materials are called non-ohmic.
Resistance depends on length, cross-sectional area, temperature, and material.

Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Factors that Affect Resistance

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Chapter 17

Section 3 Current and Resistance

Resistance to Current, continued

Resistors can be used to control the amount of current in a conductor.
Salt water and perspiration lower the body's resistance. Potentiometers have variable resistance.

Chapter 17

Section 4 Electric Power

Preview
Objectives Sources and Types of Current Energy Transfer

Chapter 17 Objectives

Section 4 Electric Power

Differentiate between direct current and alternating current.

Relate electric power to the rate at which electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. Calculate electric power and the cost of running electrical appliances.

Chapter 17

Section 4 Electric Power

Sources and Types of Current

Batteries and generators supply energy to charge carriers.
Current can be direct or alternating. In direct current, charges move in a single direction. In alternating current, the direction of charge movement continually alternates.

Chapter 17 Energy Transfer

Section 4 Electric Power

Electric power is the rate of conversion of electrical energy.

Electric power

P = IV Electric power = current potential difference

Chapter 17 Energy Transfer

Section 4 Electric Power

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Chapter 17

Section 4 Electric Power

Energy Transfer, continued

Power dissipated by a resistor

( V )2 P I V I 2R R
Electric companies measure energy consumed in kilowatt-hours. Electrical energy is transferred at high potential differences to minimize energy loss.

Chapter 17

Section 4 Electric Power

Relating Kilowatt-Hours to Joules

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