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The Cell
Learning Objectives
1. 2. 3. 4.
Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and explain the underlying reasons for this structure. Outline the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and glycoproteins in membranes. Outline the roles of the plasma membrane, and the roles of membranes within cells. Describe and explain how molecules can get in and out of cells (cross cell membranes) by the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. Describe the effects on animal and plant cells of immersion in solutions of different water potential.
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Phospholipids Polar Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Micelles Phospholipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model Glycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol Proteins Transport proteins Enzymes Receptor molecules Diffusion Concentration gradient Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
Solution Solute Solvent Partially permeable Water potential Solute Potential Pressure Potential Turgid Plasmolysis Plasmolysed Incipient plasmolysis Active transport Carrier protein Bulk transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis Phagocytes Phagocytic vacuoles
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell membranes and Transport
Pinocytosis Micropinocytosis Exocytosis Gaseous exchange Alveoli Root hair Surface area Epidermis Passive transport
Cell membrane
All living things are surrounded by a membrane. A cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane.
Controls
exchange of materials such as nutrients and waste between cells and their environment.
Has
To
Nerve cell
HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking) -Attracted to the water called POLAR HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing) -Not attracted to the water called NON-POLAR
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell membranes and Transport
A Phospholipid
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Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes. Phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails".
A phospholipid
HYDROPHILIC HEAD At the other end of the phospholipid is a phosphate group and several double bonded oxygens. The atoms at this end of the molecule are not shared equally. This end of the molecule has a charge and is attracted to water. It is POLAR
HYDROPHOBIC TAILS The two long chains coming off of the bottom of this molecule are made up of carbon and hydrogen. Because both of these elements share their electrons evenly these chains have no charge. They are NON POLAR. Molecules with no charge are not attracted to water; as a result water molecules tend to push them out of the way as they are attracted to each other. This causes molecules with no charge not to dissolve in water.
3D model of a Phospholipid
A Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipids can form:
BILAYERS
-2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails protected inside by the hydrophilic heads.
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Diagram representing the cell membrane Remember the membrane is 7nm wide
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Cell membranes also contain proteins within the phospholipid bilayer. This model for the structure of the membrane is called the: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like its a liquid. MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell membranes and Transport 14
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Double layer BILAYER of phospholipids which can move about by in their own . Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a . . interior. The phospholipid heads point outwards facing the aqueous (water containing) medium surrounding the membrane. Some phospholipids fatty acid tails are .. straight so fit together tightly. Some are bent so fit together . The more unsaturated tails there are the more the membrane becomes. The lower the temp, the .fluid. Most protein molecules . like icebergs in the layers, some are fixed to . inside the cell and dont float. Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in the inner layer and some the two layers. Hydrophobic and Hyrdophilic parts of the protein molecules sit next to the and .. portions of the of the membrane. This ensures the proteins stay in the membrane. The membrane is nm thick on average. Some phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them called.. Some of the proteins have carbohydrates attached to them called The membrane also contains molecules of ..
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell membranes and Transport 18
Double layer BILAYER of phospholipids which can move about by DIFFUSION in their own MONOLAYER Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a NON-POLAR HYDROPHOBIC interior. The phospholipid heads point outwards facing the aqueous (water containing) medium surrounding the membrane. Some phospholipids fatty acid tails are SATURATED straight so fit together tightly. Some are UNSATURATED bent so fit together loosely. The more unsaturated tails there are the more fluid the membrane becomes. The lower the temp, the less fluid. Most protein molecules float like icebergs in the layers, some are fixed to structures inside the cell and dont float. Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in the inner layer and some span the two layers. Hydrophobic and Hyrdophilic parts of the protein molecules sit next to the Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic portions of the phospholids of the membrane. This ensures the proteins stay in the membrane. The membrane is 7nm thick on average. Some phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them GLYCOLIPIDS Some of the proteins have carbohydrates attached to them GLYCOPROTEINS The membrane also contains molecules of CHOLESTEROL
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell membranes and Transport 19
Function
Phospholipids
Cholesterol Proteins
4.
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Cell membranes have a basic structure composed of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER. Phospholipds have HYDROPHOBIC (non-polar) tails and HYDROPHILIC (polar) heads. The best model of the cell membrane is called the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL The average thickness of the membrane is 7nm. The fatty acid tails of phospholipids can be SATURATED (straight) or UNSATURATED (bent) Proteins can float or be fixed and also have hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions. Some proteins and phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them to form GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS.
Summary
Phospholipids form the bilayer, act as barrier to most water soluble substances
Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the membrane, gives mechanical stability and help to prevent ions from passing through the membrane. Proteins act as transport proteins to act as channels for substances to move into or out of
the cell. Some act as membrane enzymes and some have important roles in membranes of
organelles.
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins help to stabilise membrane structure, some act as receptor molecules eg for hormones and neurotransmitters orCell antigens for other cells to AS Biology. Foundation. as membranes and Transport 21 recognise them.
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Moving
amoeba
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