A FEW FACTS ON INDIAN / ORISSA POWER SECTOR

BY

SRI N.N. MAHAPATRA

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY / POWER.

.
As per Webster Universal Dictionary, Electricity is defined as a form of energy the Ultimate nature of which is unknown.
Electrical Power is endowed with a few strange / peculiar characteristics as mentioned below : * It cannot be seen / visualized. * * It cannot be measured by Conventional Measuring Units in Kg, Ltr., Mtr. Etc. but its operational parameters like Voltage, Current, Active, Reactive power etc. can be measured in appropriate measuring unit in an operating band of-106 to +1012. * It is indistinguishable as which type of power is being used at any point of time whether Hydro, Thermal, Nuclear, Gas and Renewable as this cannot be segregated.

It flows as per Laws of physics and follows path of least

resistance. Its availability and demand vary every second. The consumer has no control what the supplier / traders supplies and the supplier / trader has no control what the consumer draws from the inevitable power pool at any point of time.

Power is thus a unique product.

B CORE FUNCTIONS IN POWER SECTOR

Generation Transmission Distribution Trading

B1.

Generation

This generation of power in India is broadly classified under two categories as mentioned below :

Generation
Conventional
Thermal Hydro Nuclear Gas Wind Small Hydro

Non-Conventional
Biomass/ Cogeneration Tidal Biomass gassifier Solar P.V. Municipal Waste coverted as energy

Primary Energy Potential available in India is shown in a Tabular form Table below :-

Energy type
Hydro Pumped storage (Hydro) Micro, Mini & Small (Hydro) Coal (Thermal) Lignite (Thermal) Uranium (Nuclear) Thorium (Nuclear)

Potential
84,044 MW *(at 60% LF) 93,920 MW 10,000 MW 246 Billion Tonnes 25923 Million Tonnes 78,000 Tonne Metal 5,18,000 Tonne Metal

The above energy base/potential of the country shall meet the power demand based on present-day consumption from the respective primary energy sources with the state-ofart technology as per the following :
a) b) c) d) Coal reserve Gas reserve Uranium reserve Thorium reserve** for for for for next next next next 219 years 64 years 74 years Several hundred years

NB: Hydro potential of 84,044 MW at 60% PLF out of feasible installed capacity of 1,48,700 MW ** The technology for utilization of Thorium is still under final stage of devt.

Nuclear Power
The recent study by International Electricity Agency (IEA) projects an increase of 75% in global demand for electricity by the year 2012. Nuclear Power is required to provide base load for system stability as well as to meet both peak and base demand. 437 Nuclear Power plants are in operation in 30 countries producing 3,50,000 MW which is about 17.5% of the total capacity generated in the world. This is briefly described in the Table below :
Rank
1 6 8

Country
France Sweden South Korea

% of share of Nuclear Power of total generation 75.00 46.80 42.84

12
13 15 17 19 20 21 27 28

Switzerland
Japan Germany U.K. U.S.A. Russia Canada India China

36.03
36.00 31.21 28.87 19.80 14.41 12.44 2.75 1.15

Father of Nuclear energy in India Dr. H. J. Bhava had charted in way back in the year 1950 the following 3 stage programme for establishing Nuclear power Project with our resources.

FIRST STAGE

Use of natural Uranium 235 in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) and production of power and Plutonium.

SECOND STAGE

Use of Plutonium in PHWRs and Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) and production of additional Plutonium U-233 and Power.

THIRD STAGE

Use of thorium and U-233 in an advanced fuel cycle and Reactor System is under Final stage of Development for development of Nuclear power in a commercial scale. Two BARC Scientists V. Jagannathan and Usha Pal revealed their indigenous design for a Thorium Nuclear Reactor Capable of producing 600 MW of power for two years without being replenished at an International Conference on emerging nuclear energy system held at Brussels on 25th August 2005. It is far more economical and safer than any other in the world and this Thorium Breeder Reactor (ATBR) does not need expensive and scare Uranium-235 but runs entirely on Thorium and U-233. This is a landmark breakthrough achieved by Indian Scientists in utilization of abundant reserve of Thorium for generation of Nuclear Power.

from the existing old plants like TAPP and RAPP is around 100 P/Kwh whereas that from newer plants is about 250-350 P/Kwh.

Nuclear Power is safe and environmentally benign. Its generation cost

Due to the guidance of founding father Dr. H.J.Bhava and thereafter of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, India has developed and demonstrated its full capabilities and self-reliance in c to c in Nuclear Power as stated below :
Design Manufacturing

Construction
Commissioning Operation & Maintenance

Mineral exploration & Mining

Heavy Water Production Fuel fabrication and reprocessing


PLANT

Existing & Proposed Nuclear Power Projects

LOCATION Trombay Maharastra Ranapratap Sagar Rajasthan Kaiga Karnatak Kalpakkam Tamilnadu Narora UP Kakrapur Gujurat Kundankulam Tamilnadu EXISTING CAPACITY 220 MWe 220 MWe 740 MWe UNDER CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING SCHEDULE April 2006 January 2007 August 2007 February 2008 March 2007 Sept.,2007 1000 MWe 1000 MWe December 2007 Dec.,2008

TAPP 1,2&3 RAPP 1,2,3 & 4 KgAPP 1&2 MAPP 1&2 NAPP 1&2 KAPP 1 & 2 KKAP 1&2

TAPP 4 RAPP 5 RAPP 6 Kaiga-3 Kaiga-4 KK-I KK-II

540 MWe 220 MWe 220 MWe 220 MWe 220 MWe

440 MWe 340 MWe 440 MWe 440 MWe -

TOTAL

3260 Mwe

3420 MWe

The installed capacity in India as on 31.03.2005 was 1,18,419 MW and presently it is about 1,21,000 MW. The electricity generation from the country as on 31.3.2005 was from the following sources :

a) b) c) d) Thermal Hydro Gas Nuclear 82,420.00 22,855.00 6565.00 3260.00 3,319.00 69.6% 19.3% 5.55% 2.75% 2.8%

e) Renewable

Total :

1,18,419 MW

100%

India is presently witnessing a peak shortage of about 11% in EPK hours and energy shortage of about 7.5%. The Countrys energy requirement is met mostly by coal with Power Sector consuming 75% of total production. In FY 2004-05, coal production was 376.78 Million Tonnes (MT) out of which 276.07 MT was given to the Power Sector. This was not adequate.

After introduction of ABT and CERC (Terms and conditions of Tariff) Regulation, 2004 for 2004-2009 (MYT) (effective from 1st April, 2004) the Thermal Power Station are to receive 100% Fixed Cost only if they can attain 80% Target Availability and payment of incentive beyond 80%. This has forced the Thermal Stations across the country to achieve better Plant Load Factor (PLF) and in fact PLF of Thermal Stations which was about 64.4% in 1996-97 rose to 75% in 2004-05 which is expected to touch 80% in 2006-07 provided the coal required for Thermal Generation is supplied by Coal India Ltd. Matching to the generation. Sri P.C. Parekh, IAS, Secretary, Department of Coal says The crux of the issue is that power capacities are going up rapidly, it does not take more than 30 months to commission a new Thermal Unit but for coal, it takes not less than 60 months for commercial use of coal from a new coal mine and peak production is reached in 120 months.

CERC (Terms and Conditions for Tariff), 2004 effective from 1st April, 2004 specifies that there should be reserve coal stock for 45 days at pit head Thermal Station and that for 60 days in non-pit head stations to generate at target availability and the beneficiaries availing such thermal power are paying under" Interest on Working Capital to reimburse such cost. Against such stipulation in CERC Tariff Regulation, the Details of Critical / Super Critical Thermal Power Stations in the country as on 21.08.2005 are stated below to take stock of the alarming ground view of the situation of reserve stock of coal for Thermal Power generation:

A.

Super Critical Stations (Stock less than 4 days)

Region Northern

Utility PSEB NTPC

TPS Panipat Rihand

Capacity (in MW) 1360 1500

Stock (In Days) 3.0 0.0

(As per availability)

Southern

APGENCO

Ramgundam B 63

2.0

Eastern

DVC NTPC NTPC

Durgapur FSTPS TSTPS

350 1600 3000

1.0 1.0 3.0

Sub-Total /Average (6 Stations)

7873

1.7

B. Critical Stations (Stock between 4 to 6 days)

Region Northern

Utility NTPC

TPS Singrauli

Capacity (in MW) 2000

Stock (In days) 4

Western Southern Eastern

NTPC MSEB NTPC JSEB

Vindyachal Parli Ramgundam Simhadri Patratu

2260 690 2600 1000 770

5 4 5 6 6 6 4 5.0 3.6

WBPDCL Kolaghat 1260 NTPC Talcher 460 (dedicated to Orissa) Sub-Total /Average (6 Stations) 10140 Total A+B / Average 18013

Target for coal production during FY 2006-07 has been estimated at 405 MT whereas the demand would be about 460.50 MT resulting in a gap of 55.50 MT. Indian having a proven coal reserve of 246 billion tones the third largest in the world has no option than to go for imports. The prescription to ease the demand-supply imbalance is coal is : Formation of interministerial energy Coordination Committee to monitor linkages based on capacity addition of Thermal Units. Allocation of Captive Mines to Power Companies develop pit-head stations. Power Plants facing shortage of coal to go for imported coal. Government of India, Ministry of Power should immediately finalize and embark on setting up Thermal Power Plants along the coast of the states like Gujrat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Karnatak etc.

TThermal

Technology Development

At the time of independence, the boilers were stoke-fired and the highest capacity of the unit was 30 MW. 1950 1965 1965 1980 1980 1990 ------Highest Unit was 50 MW Unit size was 100-110-120-140 MW Unit size was 200-210 MW

1990 2000
2000 2005

-----

Unit size was 500 MW

Unit size 660 MW

2005 Onwards Unit size 800 MW 1000 MW* CEA suggested to install 800-1000 MW units in Pit head plant of Talcher Valley areas of Orissa namely Badabandha and Gajamara. Power Equipment Manufacturing Major Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL) is now geared to take up 800 MW supercritical thermal sets in collaboration with ALSTOM as per the statement issued by Sri A.K. Puri, CMD, BHEL on 26.08.2005. -

Coal quality improvement through Coal benefication such as washing of coal and blending of high and low ash coal to improve the conversion efficiency which is a function of both turbine and boiler efficiency.
Coal based clean technologies including super critical pulverized fuel technology, fludised bed combustion and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). IGCC system is one of the clean technologies in which coal is converted into gaseous fuel. It is the most state-of-the-art technology for generation of power in 21st century. Technology is available with SASOL of SA and PETRONET of Malayasia. In India, it is in R&D stage-proposal for pilot project of 100 MW at DADRI.

Existing Generation Capacity as on 31.03.2005

EXISTING GENERATION CAPACITY OF ORISSA AS ON 31.03.2005
Sl. No. 1 NAME OF POWER STATION O.H.P.C HIRAKUD POWER STATION (a) BURLA (b) CHIPLIMA BALIMELA POWER HOUSE RENGALI POWER HOUSE UPPER KOLAB POWER HOUSE INDRAVATI POWER HOUSE MACHHKUND POWER HOUSE (Orissa Share 50%) TOTAL HYDRO (A) 2. N.T.P.C. (TAKEN OVER) TTPS STAGE-I TTPS STAGE-II 4X60 = 240** 2X110 = 220 151 138 INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW FIRM POWER IN MW

2X24 = 48

6X60 = 360
5X50 = 250 4X80 = 320 4X150 = 600 3x21.25 = 63.75 1918.875 57.375

X37.5 = 112.5 2X49.5 = 99* 3X24 = 72

331.5 135

134

85.7 95 225 40

TOTAL TTPS
3. O.P.G.C. IB TPS

460

2X210 = 420

300

TOTAL THERMAL (B)

(*) 37.5 MW UNIT-I&II UPRATED TO 49.5 MW (**) 62.5 MW UNIT DERATED TO 60 MW.

880

CENTRAL SECTOR GENERATION

SL.NO. NAME OF POWER STATION INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW ORISSA SHARE OF INSTALLED CAPACITY ALLOTTED TO GRIDCO FIRM POWER IN MW (AT 80% AVAILABILITY & 11% AUX CONS.)

SHARE IN % 1. CHUKHA (BHUTAN) 4X84 = 336 I.A. = 270 3X20 = 60 4X15 = 60 3X200 = 600 2X500 = 1000 4X210 = 840 15.23

SHARE IN MW 41.00* 30*

2. 3 4.

RANGIT (SIKKIM) KURICHU (BHUTAN) FARAKKA (WB)

NIL NIL 15.37

NIL NIL 246 167

5.

KAHALGAON (BIHAR)

11.43

96

56

6.

TSTPP, KANIHA STAGE-I (ORISSA)

2X500 = 1000

31.9

319

226

TOTAL (C) = 702.00 GRAND TOTAL : (A)+(B)+(C) = 3960.875 MW

 GRIDCO HAS GOT A SHARE OF 15.23% OF ACTUAL RECEIPT OF BIRAPARA (INDIA), WHICH WORKS OUT TO BE 30.00 MW AVERAGE ON DAILY BASIS. () Implemented w.e.f. 01.10.2004 Orissa is experiencing about 2100 MW during EPK hours, 1700 MW during MPK hours and 1500 MW on a daily average (24 hrs) basis and has been exporting about 400 MW through trading to WR & NR.

NEW CAPACITY PROPOSED IN ORISSA

The Govt. of Orissa has received investment proposals worth of about Rs.68,000 Crs. In Power Sector as detailed below : a) b) c) d) Thermal Power Station of 12000 MW capacity at HIRMA by Reliance Energy Ltd. (REL) Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) and Coal India Ltd. (CIL) Ib Valley for 2000 MW RPG Group at Ib Valley for 2000 MW GMR Energy Ltd. for 1000 MW 48,000 Cr. 8,000 Cr. 8,000 Cr. 4,000 Cr.

Total : 68,000 Cr.

Besides the above, all the Steel and Alumina Plants which have entered into MoU with Govt. of Orissa are coming with Captive Generating Plants (CGP) which will be about 2000 MW at an expenditure of another Rs.8000 Cr.

Govt. of Orissas New Draft Policy on Thermal Projects.

Govt. of Orissa have been drawing the attention of Govt. of India, MoP for allocation of 12% Free Power to Orissa State from Thermal Projects of NTPC located in Orissa and other IPPs as a compensatory measure. The Govt. of India refused to accept such proposal of Govt. of Orissa. The State Govt. has now prepared a draft policy for Thermal Power Projects. The salient features of the draft policy are :

To collect Rs.4 cr. Per annum per 100 MW installed capacity towards contribution to the proposed Environment Management Fund meant for addressing environmental degradation. To make available the generation excess 80% of PLF at variable cost (now about 60 P/Kwh) plus incentive as fixed by CERC.
T To approach to MoP to issue a policy directive to allocate 5% power from all Power

CPSU and IPPs at variable cost plus incentives. The IPPs have been opposing the State Governments demand for collection of Rs.4 Cr. Per annum for 100 MW installed capacity on the ground that it is too steep and the cost of power will go up at least by 6 P/Kwh if accepted. They cautioned that unless level playing field is provided to investors in Power Sector private investors will not venture into the State.

GAS
Natural Gas is the best gas from environmental angle and hence it is being increasingly used in Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power stations in view of the very high efficiencies with advanced technology gas turbines. Natural Gas, owing to its non-polluting nature and ease of use is to have a greater share in the primary mix for power generation.
Limited gas resources of 660 billion cubic meters is available in our country. ONGC & Oil India Ltd. (OIL) have made some significant hydro-carbon discoveries. Reliance has also claimed discoveries of abundant gas in Mahanadi basin. Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) distributes almost all the gas produced in India. It has about 4000 KM of gas Pipeline including 2300 KM HBJ Pipeline. GAIL has been assigned by GOI to construct National pipeline grid of 7900 KM which is excepted to be completed by 2008. There is also possibility of import of natural gas from neighbouring countries namely Bangaladesh, Myanmar, Iran etc. There are also plans for import of natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from other Countries by shipment and LNG based CCGT plants are best suited for costal areas. TThe largest gas based Power Stations planned are: DADRI (UP)- 3750 MW by Reliance Energy Ltd. (REL) Ratnagiri Gas & Power Private Ltd. (Maharastra, formerly DPC)-2184 MW (a joint Venture of GAIL & NTPC)

NNon-Conventional Sources of Energy (NCSE)

National Electricity Policy (NEP) issued by Ministry of Power (MOP) on 12th Feb, 2005 pursuant to Electricity Act, 2003 states on Non-Conventional Sources of Energy (NCSE) as per the following: NCSE being the most environment friendly there is an urgent need to promote generation of electricity based on such sources of energy. For this purpose, efforts must be made to reduce the capital cost of the project so as to reduce the cost of generation. Electricity Act, 2003 provided that cogeneration and generation of electricity from non-conventional sources would be promoted by State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) by providing suitable measures for connectivity with grid and sale of electricity for certain percentage from non-conventional sources to be made mandatory. OERC recently in its Special Order has specified that 200 MU in FY 2006-07 should be purchased from such non-conventional energy sources.

Industries in which both process heat and electricity are needed are well suited for cogeneration of electricity. A significant potential for cogeneration exists in this country for Sugar Industry. SERC should arrange sale and purchase of such cogeneration power between the co-generator and distribution licensees in the overall interest of energy efficiency and grid stability.
Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) Govt. of India has published the potential of Renewable Energy Sources, achievements, major solar applications in India as well as other highlights which are mentioned at X, Y & Z.

MINISTRY OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES (MNES) GOVT. OF INDIA v v Apex Nodal Agency State Nodal Agency

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWERS THE NATION AHEAD

IREDA OREDA

Source Wind Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) Biomass power generation Biomass Gasifiers Solar PV Waste to Energy a). Municipal solid Waste b). Industrial Waste Solar Water Heating / Co-

Potential 45,000 MW 15,000 MW 19,500 MW

Achievements 31.03.2005 3595 MW 1706 MW 749 MW 66.35 MW

As

on

20 MW/sq KM. 1000 MW 700 MW 1,400 lakh sq.m.

2.64MW 17 MW 28 MW 6 Lakhs sq.m.

Y. MAJOR SOLAR APPLICATIONS IN INDIA

Solar Lanterns 560,295 nos.

Home Lighting Systems

342,607 nos.

Street Lighting Systems

54,795 nos.

Solar Pumps

6818 nos.

Stand-alone Power Plants

1.50 MW

Grid Connected Power Plant

2 MW

HIGHTLIGHTS
10% share of new capacity addition of 10,000 MW, to come from renewables by 2012. 18,000 remote villages to be electrified by 2009. Over 6119 MW of power generating capacity from renewables has been set up, which is contributing about 5.2% of the total generating capacity in the country. 8.8. billion units of electricity generated from wind power projects. Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) and Wind Turbine Test Station are fully operational. 750 KW and 1000 KW unit size Wind Turbine introduced for the first time in the country. A 40 KW solar power plant inaugurated at Nyoma, Ladakh. 30 MW Capacity SPV products exported to various developed and developing countries. More than 40 different applications of solar photovoltaic systems for rural, remote areas and other applications developed. More than 45000 solar photovoltaic pumps are in use for agriculture and related uses. 2 MW grid connected SPV power projects are in operation in the country.

Over 4000 potential sites for small hydro power projects have been identified with 10,000 MW capacity. A 5.25 MW small hydro project was commissioned at Kalpong in Andaman & Nicober Island. Small hydro power project of 2000 MW capacity addition proposed to be commissioned by 2012. 440 MW power project including 156 MW biomass power and 284 MW bagassebased cogeneration projects under installation. A project for generation of 5 MW power from municipal solid waste has been installed Lucknow City. A project for 5 Tones of tannery waste and generation of biogas and 62 KW electricity installed at Melvisharam in Tamil Nadu, which is also first of this kind in the country. A project for generation of 6 MW power from municipal waste of both Bhubaneswar and Cuttack Municipal Corporation is under implementation utilising municipal waste of BMC & CMC of 900MT/day. Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute for Renewable Energy has been established near Jalandhar in Punjab.

 Indian power Sector today follows Build, Own & Operate (BOO) Model in the transmission system and maintains about 32,000 Circuit Km. (CKM) of 400 KV line 78,000 CKM of 220 KV line, 1,35,000 CKM of 132 KV line. Electricity being a concurrent subject, Transmission lines constructed in Central Sector are being maintained by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. (PGCIL) which is also known as Central Transmission Utility (CTU). Similarly Transmission lines in State Sector are maintained by SEBs where not unbundled and by State Transmission Utilities (STUs) where unbundled. Accordingly, PGCIL the CTU maintains the Transmission lines as under to carry about 40% power generated in the Country.

power
-

41,750 CKM of 400 KV line 6,000 CKM of 220 & 132 KV line 1600 CKM of 500 KV, 1500 MW HVDC Bipolar line for evacuation of
from Singrauli and Rihand Complex to New Delhi. 1400 CKM of 500 KV, 2000 MW HVDC Bipolar line for evacuation of

2000

 MW power from TSTPS Stage-II at Kaniha, Orissa to Kolar in Karnatak. Power Grid also maintains HVDC Station b-to-b in asynchronous mode for transfer of ER power to SR at Gazuwaka and ER power to NR at Sasaramand vice versa, at Ramgundaam for transfer of WR power to SR and vice versa, at Vindyachal for transfer of WR power to NR and vice versa.

Pursuant to Electricity Act, 2003, Govt. of Orissa, Deptt. of Energy vide

Notification dated 09.06.2005 created, a new Corporation out of GRiDCO named as Orissa Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (OPTCL) was created with retrospective effect from 01.04.2005 and OPTCL the STU also follows BOO model for State Transmission and maintains about o 460.50 CKM of 400 KV line o 3858.50 CKM of 220 KV line o 4999 CKM of 132 KV line o 48 CKM of 66 KV line. Aand 80 nos. of Grid Sub-stations for bulk transmission and wheeling of power.

Fixed Series Compensation (FSC) / Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) on 400 KV lines.
AApplication of FSC/TCSC is being done in many important corridor of Power
Grids transmission system. This enhances the power carrying capacity of lines by up to 50% depending upon the degree of compensation.

The following series compensation has been installed or is being installed.

FSC + TCSC for enhancement of capacity of Rourkela Raipur 400 KV DC inter-regional ER-WR link. FSC + TCSC for enhancement of capacity of Kanpur Ballabgarh 400 KV line. FSC for enhancement of capacity of 400 KV Panki-Muradnagar, Nagerjunsagar-Cuddapah and Gooty-Bangalore transmission system. Many more TCSC and FSC are being envisaged on the planned Transmission Corridors of PGCIL.

In an effort to utilize the available Right-of-Way (RoW) and to enhance the power transfer capacity of the line, PGCIL has successfully implemented upgrading of 220 KV DC line in J&K to 400 KV SC line for the first time in India resulting in power transfer capacity by 1.8 times with a marginal increase in RoW from 35 meters to 37 meters but for less than standard 400 KV line (46 Mtrs.) Technology adoption for new Transmission System. The following technological options are being considered.

Up gradation of Lower Voltage lines to Higher Voltage lines.

Capacity 400 KV Mulit-Conductor / 765 KV AC system.

Quadruple conductors per phase have been adopted in stead of twin to enhance the power transfer capacity of the line without additional RoW requirement. Towards this end 1270 CKM of 400 KV Quad line is being implemented under Tala Transmission System (a JV of PGCIL and Tata Power) which will be commissioned by 2006. Further about 2900 CKM 400 KV Quad lines are being implemented under the Sipat Transmission system, Kahalgaon Phase-II transmission system, Kundankulam Transmission System etc. and will be commissioned progressively by 2007. Keeping in view bulk power transfer requirements, 765 KV as the next higher voltage level has also been adopted. Two circuits of Kishenpur-Moga 765 KV line (charged at 400 KV) are already operational. Tehri-Meerut 765 KV line (180 Kms.) will also be charged at 400 KV by end of the year. The Transmission linje being constructed between Sipat and Seoni (336 Kms) in WR will be Indias first line to be operated at 765 KV and is likely to be commissioned by 2007.

High Capacity HVDC System. PGCIL has commissioned 500 KV 2000 MW HVDC bipolar Talcher- Kolar line. 500 KV, 2500 MW Balia-Bhiwadi HVDC line for transfer of bulk power from Barh (1960 MW) NTPC Project in Bihar to beneficiaries in NR has been planned and is expected to be commissioned by 2008-09. For power evacuation from NE Region to Central India, a high capacity HVDC system has been envisaged. A.C SYSTEM VOLTAGE- PARAMETERS (As per amendment no. 1 to IS : 12360/ 1998
Preferred A.C System Three Phase Single Phase Three Phase Three Phase Nominal Voltage 400 V 230 V 11 kV 33 kV 66 kV Highest System Voltage 440 V 253 V 12 kV 36 kV 72.5 kV 145 kV 245 kV 420 kV 800 kV Lowest System Voltage 360 V 207 V 10 kV 30 kV 60 kV 120 kV 200 kV 380 kV 730 kV Sub-transmission Remarks LT Distribution

Three Phase

132 kV 220 kV 400 kV 765 kV

Transmission

Transmission Planning Criteria (for different Voltage, conductor configuration & SIL)
Voltage (in kV)
765 765 (operated at 400 kV) 400 400 (operated at 220 kV)

No & Size of Conductor

4X686 s.q.mm 4X686 s.q.mm 2X520 s.q.mm 2X520 s.q.mm

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) (MW)

2250 614 614 155

400
400 220 132

4X420 s.q.mm
3X420 s.q.mm 420 s.q.mm 200 s.q.mm

614
560 132 50

OPEN ACCESS

AAs per Electricity Act, 2003, open access in transmission is applicable from the date of enactment of the Act i.e. 10.06.2003. CERC has introduced CERC (Open Access in Inter State Transmission) Regulation 2004 vide notification dated 30.01.2004 as per the following: For Long Term Open Access (LTOA) Customers w.e.f. 6th Feb, 2004(Intended period 25 years and more) For Short Term Open Access (STOA) Customers w.e.f. 6th May, 2004 (Intended period 1 year and less).

Open Access is inter-state transmission has already resulted in improved capacity utilization. Almost about 12 billion units were traded during FY 2004-05 which constitutes about 2-2.2% of the total generation. Electricity Act, 2003 provides for Open Access in intra-state transmission and distribution for all consumers having connected load of 1 MW and more within 5 years on payment of surcharge. Forum of Indian Regulators (FOIR) have recommended Avoided Cost Method for computation of Cross-Subsidy surcharges. National Draft Tariff Policy has recommended Avoided Cost Method and has given the following illustrative example:-

Tariff payable by relevant Category of consumer Wt. Average rate of power purchase from top 5 power suppliers Applicable System Loss (Say) Applicable Distribution / Wheeling Charge (Say) Cross subsidiary Surchage = 400-[(300/0.94) + 30 ] = 400- (319+30)

400 p/kwh

300 p/kwh

6% 30 p/ kwh

51 p/kwh

10 states have issued final Regulations on Intra-State transmission and Distribution Open Access. They are Uttaranchal, HP, Orissa, Jharkhand, WB, Maharastra, Haryana, AP,MP, & UP. 7 States have issued Draft Regulations They are: TN, Gujrat, Delhi, Kerala, Punjab, Assam & Chhatisgarh. OERC implemented the Intra-State Open Access for connected load more than 5 MW st Aug, 2005. w.e.f 1

B.(3) DISTRIBUTION
Indian Power Sector as on 31.03.2004 maintains about 3,76,613 CKM HV Lines 58,07,076 CKM L.T Lines out of which Orissa Power Sector Maintains about: 9,905 CKM HV lines Distribution is the most critical segment of the electricity business chain. The real challenge of reforms in the power sector lies in efficient management of Distribution sector. NEP envisages the following measures/ actions to meet the objectives. Objectives: To safeguard the interest of consumers - Promotion of efficiency in distribution system cutting down the outage time and reduction in T&D loss and AT&C loss which is hovering around 40%/44%. -Recovery of cost of services provided to consumers to make power sector sustainable at reasonable and affordable prices. -Augmentation and up gradation of Distribution network.

-Metering of all consumers within a period of 2 years i.e. by June

2005. -Promotion of High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) (LT less) in stages to reduce T&D loss. -SCADA and data management systems shall be implemented in a time bound manner.

B.(4)

POWER TRADING

Product when traded becomes a commodity. Power being a commodity should obey the laws of market under perfect market conditions, which stipulate: There shall be buyers and sellers Both buyers and sellers can enter and exit the market at any time Meets the market demand Follows the market supply chain viz Manufacturers-Wholesalers-Distributors-Retailers (Conventional market supply chain) But buy and sale transactions of electrical power take place on real time basis, the market supply chain in Power Trading follows a slightly different model as stated below. Manufacturers------Wholesalers-------Distributors (Generators) (Bulk suppliers) (Retail Suppliers)

Electricity Act recognized trading as a district licensed activity. To facilitate trading, open access in inter state transmission has been provided by CERC w.e.f 06.02.2004 for LTOA customers and w.e.f 06.05.2004 for STOA customers. Open Access in intra-state transmission and distribution has been allowed in 10 nos. states for certain categories of consumers and this will be allowed for all consumers having connected load of 1 MW and more by Jan, 2009 which will facilitate more intra-state trading. CERC has already issued license for intra-state power trading to 16 nos. of Power Traders. The major players in power trading are : PTC India, Adani Exports, NTPC VVNL, Reliance Energy Trading Ltd., Tata power Trading Ltd., MMTC, Jindal Steel & Power, GMR Energy etc. Power Trading has evolved as a vibrant power market. National Power Exchange (NPE) is being established to take care of both spot and Long Term Power Trading. PTC India Ltd. is the acknowledged leader in Power trading in India. It is promoted by NTPC, NHPC,GCIL, DVC, Tata Power in 1999 with an authorized share capital of Rs. 750 Cr. and paid up capital of Rs. 150 Crore. Performance of PTC India during last 5 years are as under:-

FY 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Turn over (in MU) N.A 1617 4178 11250 8887

Revenue (in Cr.) 11.39 364.00 927.00 2195.00 2032.00

Net Profit (+) Loss (-) (-) 10.21 lakhs 7.34 Cr. 19.53 Cr. 32.00 Cr. 24.00 Cr.

Pursuant to the provisions of Electricity Act, 2003 and Open Access Regulation in intra-state of Open Access, GRIDCO successfully traded the surplus power as state hereunder:FY 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 (upto 23rd Aug, 05) Energy Traded (in MU) 2639.76 4527.00 756.88 Revenue Earned (in Cr.) 568.09 1094.31 213.15

As UI is also known as Auto Power Trading or deemed Trading, GRIDCO has deem traded as under:FY 2003-04 Energy deem Traded (in MU) 645 Revenue Earned (in Cr.) 165.70

2004-05

574

57.69

C.

ENERGY CONSERVATION.

Energy Conservation and Demand Side Management (DSM) are accorded high priority to minimize the overall requirement of Energy as growth in power demand has all throughout exceeded the generation capacity in the Country.

EEnergyDevelopment Council Committee (NDCC) on power has assessed the potential Conservation Potential. National
for energy conservation in various sectors of economy as under :-

SECTOR

CONSERVATION POTENTIAL (In %)

25 30

Industrial Agricultural

Domestic & Commercial

Transport Economy as a whole

20
20 23

National Electricity Plan (NEP) prepared by CEA has estimated saving potential during Xth plan of about 5000 MW and in XIth Plan of about 4000 MW respectively.

Energy Conservation Act, 2001

Government had recognized the potential of energy conservation which would mitigate the gap between demand and supply as well as reduce environmental emission. Govt. of India promulgated Energy Conservation Act, 2001 which provides the necessary legal framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive. BEE has already identified thrust areas and prepared a detailed action plan which inter-alia covers : Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has already been established which is now responsible for implementation of policy programs and coordination of implementation of all energy conservation activities.

- Indian Industry Program for Energy

Conservation. -Demand Side Management (DSM) - Energy efficiency in building and establishments - Professional certification and accreditation -Manuals and Codes -Energy Efficiency R&D Program

Govt. of India is giving following incentives to industries and othersMinistry of Powerconservation of to 80% : subsidy to industries for encouraging provides 50% energy v implementing energy conservation measures, getting energy audits
done, energy related pilot / demonstration R&D projects .v Annual National Energy Conservation Awards are given to industries in recognition of their special efforts to reduce energy consumption while maintaining their production. v Annual incentive awards are given to Thermal Power Plants in the Country for encouraging them to reduce their Auxiliary Power Consumption during generation of electricity .v Annual incentive awards are given to Power Transmission & Distribution Companies for encouraging them to reduce T&D loss. Energy Conservation and Demand Side Management may yield a saving of 5000 MW and 4000 MW during Xth & XIth plan period which can be utilized for additional consumption by power-starving Region / States.

CCONCLUSION
IIndian Power Sector has achieved the 1st Milestone on 10.11.1897 when the first hydro electric station of 130 KW was commissioned in Darjeeling. The installed capacity of undivided India was about 1.10 MW (1 MW thermal + 0.10 Hydro). At the time of independence, the installed capacity was 1362 MW with annual generation of 5000 MU (5 BU). TThe installed capacity as on 31.3.2005 was 1,18,418 MW with annual generation of 5,87,416 MU (587 BU) during FY 2004-05. Per capita consumption is hardly 1.5 Unit a day against three units in China and 30-40 Units in Developed Countries. Still India is witnessing an EPK shortage of 11% and energy shortage of 7% inter-regional transmission capacity of 30000 MW at present. Govt. of India, Ministry of Power therefore, started MISSION 2012 in 2002 to provide Power-on-demand in 2012 which envisages :

-Matching Transmission and distribution for evacuation and ultimate consumption of such additional power. Development of National Grid with Complete electrification of remaining 62,000 villages by 2009
and 18,000 remote villages by 2012 - Complete electrification of all households. - R&MU of existing old generating plants.

- Addition of another one lakh MW in installed capacity.

- Enabling legislation and installation of Regulatory Mechanism. - Calls for an investment of Rs.9 lakh Crores in Power Sector alone.

Government of India enacted the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and energy Conservation measure contemplated in the Act would save about 9000 MW which would be utilized for additional consumption. Energy saved is energy generated.

Govt. of India formulated the landmark Electricity Act, 2003 superceding I.E. Act, 1910, Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 and eight State Acts introducing open access and declaring Trading as a distinct core activity. The Electricity Act, 2003 also mandates that the Central Government will prepare the National Electricity Policy (NEP) and National Tariff Policy (NTP) in consultation with State Government & CEA for development of Power system. The Act also mandates preparation and notification of National Electricity Plan by CEA once in every five years in accordance with NEP. Govt. of India, Ministry of Power already issued NEP on 12th February 2005 and CEA has already prepared National Electricity Plan. National Tariff Policy is in a draft stage which will be finalized by end of Sept., 2005 as per Dy. Chairman, Planning Commission.

With GDP slated to grow @ 7% per annum, the National Electricity Plan prepared by CEA envisages a Peak Demand of 1,74,000 MW in the system at the end of Xith Plan (i.e. by April 2012) calling for an installed capacity of 2,23,648 MW. Similarly at the end of XIIth Plan (i.e. by April 2017), the installed capacity required shall be of the order of 2,83,422 MW. The installed capacity to be required in 2025 shall be of the order of 4,25,000 MW.
Prof. A.P.J.A. Kalam, the Honble President of India in his speech on the occasion of 59th Independence Day on 15.08.2005 calls for Total Energy Independence in power sector by 2025 installing the required capacity of 4,25,000 MW utilizing our huge coal, hydro, nuclear fissile resources as well as non-conventional energy sources so as to make India to join Super Power League mentioned in BRIC Report prepared by Goldman Sach.