Urban Environment & Waste Management (Chap 28-29)

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Urban Environment & Waste Management (Chap 28-29) The lecture should make the following points clear: 1) What is urbanization?; 2) Causes of urbanization; 3) Significance of waste management; 4) Nature/kind of waste; 5) Factors related to waste production; 6) Options for waste management; 7) Motivation Factor for 4R; 8) Barriers to 4R; 9) 4R strategies; 10) Waste recycling level; 11) Benefits of recycling; 12) How to assess/plan waste disposal The 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report described the 20th century as witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the worlds population", as the global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030. According to the UN-HABITAT 2008 Annual Report, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living in towns and cities.
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Urban Environment & Waste Management

The 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report described the 20th century as witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the worlds population", as the global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030. According to the UN-HABITAT 2008 Annual Report, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living in towns and cities.
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Urbanization: is a process of removing the rural characteristics of a town or area. It is associated with the development of civilization and technology. Demographically, the term denotes redistribution of populations from rural to urban settlements (Remember: population transition and population growth) An urban area (urbanized area agglomeration or urban centre) is a continuously built up landmass of urban development. It is the generally the urban footprint --- the lighted area that can be observed from an airplane at night. National census authorities in Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the United States designate urban areas. Except in Australia, the authorities use a minimum urban density definition of 400 persons/km^2 (1,000 per sq. mile in the US). In some cases, urban areas have virtually grown together, yet are still considered separate urban areas. This report confines urban areas to a single metropolitan area (below) or labor market area. What constitutes a particular metropolitan area is a matter of (Demographia World Urban Areas & Population Projections: 5th Comprehensive Edition -Revised April 2009) professional judgment. However, there is a necessity to draw a line, especially where adjacent urban areas have grown together, but remain fairly MmI 4 distinct labor markets.

Urbanization - DEFINITIONS AND ISSUES

 It occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce expense in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation Living in cities permits individuals to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition. As agriculture, more traditional local services, & small-scale industry give way to modern industry the urban and related commerce with the city drawing on the resources of an ever-widening area for its own sustenance and goods to be traded or processed into manufacture Research in urban ecology finds that larger cities provide more special goods & services to the local market & surrounding areas, function as a transportation & wholesale hub for smaller places, accumulate more capital, financial service provision, educated labor force, as well as often concentrating administrative functions for the area in which they lie. This relation among places of different sizes is called the urban hierarchy. Likewise the European division into a 'good' west end & a 'poor' east end of large cities developed. This is likely due the prevailing south-west wind which carries coal smoke & other airborne pollutants downwind, making the western edges of towns preferable. Urbanization usually takes place on the bank of river or accessible 5 MmI places. Major airports built up near urban areas.

Urbanization

Urbanization - Causes
People move into cities from rural areas to seek opportunities.
Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money and wealth are centralised. Cities are - where fortunes are made and where social mobility is possible. Businesses, which generate jobs and capital, are usually located in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the cities that foreign money flows into a country.

These conditions are heightened during times of change from a preindustrial society to an industrial one. It is at this time that many new commercial enterprises are made possible, thus creating new jobs in cities. It is also a result of industrialisation that farms become more mechanised, putting many labourers out of work.
Main Points: Proximity, opportunity, security, Mobility etc.

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Suburbanization
Traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area. When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization Suburban areas carry the footprint, support the slum growth and suffers from urban wastes Often networked, poly-centric form of concentration is considered by some emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously exurbia, edge city, network city, or postmodern city. Toronto, Los Angeles is the best-known example of this type of urbanization.

New Urbanism believes in shifting design focus from the car-centric development of suburbia and the business park, to concentrated pedestrian and transit-centric, walk able, mixed-use communities Modern city, traditional city environmental (Green) city, Brown city MmI 7

Urban Types
International Urban Areas: Urban areas are confined to a single nation, unless there is unfettered freedom (the lack of customs or identification checking facilities) of movement (including labor) between the adjacent nations. Currently, this condition is met only between some continental nations of the European Union. For example, the Lille urban area is in both France and Belgium yet is considered a single urban area because there is freedom of labor movement without trade, immigration or customs barriers. Alternatively, Geneva (Switzerland)-Annemasse (France, DetroitWindsor and San Diego-Tijuana are not considered single urban areas because there is not freedom of movement). Moreover, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, adjacent urban areas in China, are considered to separate urban areas, principally because there is not unfettered freedom of movement between the two. Metropolitan Area: Contrast: An urban area is different from a metropolitan area. A metropolitan area is a labor market and includes substantial rural (non-urban) territory or area of discontinuous urban development (beyond the developed urban fringe). Urban areas draw employees from a much larger area than the area of continuous development. MmI 8

Urban - Classification
Municipality (City or Commune): An urban area is different from a municipality (also often called a city or a local government authority). Municipalities have political boundaries that usually include only a part of the urban area. For example, the city of Seoul represents less than one-half of the population of the SeoulIncheon urban area, which extends well beyond the municipality. On the other hand, a municipality may be considerably larger than an urban area and therefore, contain considerable non-urban (or rural) territory. Zaragoza, Spain is an example. A large part of the municipality of Mumbai is rural, composed of the Rajiv Ghandi National Park and thus not included in the urban area. Many of what are referred to as cities in China extend far beyond the area of continuous urbanization and (Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai). The city of Chongquing, which has the largest population of any urban area, is called a city (municipality) in the stretches far beyond any reasonable definition of a metropolitan area and has a land area similar to that of Austria.
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Types of City
Administrative Population Corporation Metropolitan Municipal Megacity Moderate city Small city Nature Traditional Modern Sub-urbanized Environmental Green city Brown city Grey city (Aberdeen) Status International Multicultural Independent

Council

Townships

Conglomerate

Slum city

Global city (Global admn)

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SUMMARY OF LARGEST URBAN AREAS BY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (PPP): 2008

GDP-PPP category 2007 in 000 per/yr Over 40 30-40 20-30 10-20 5-10 2008 in Mill sq km 126.29 164.96 45.27 118.26 280.73 2025 Provisiona Change l 2030 154.56 181.37 54.52 145.00 391.27 28.27 16.41 9.25 26.74 110.54 % change 22.4 9.9 20.4 22.6 39.4 Share of Change % 6.3 3.7 2.1 6.0 24.8

147.29 177.24 52.11 138.20 362.45

Under 5
total

341.17
1076.68

523.45
1400.74

595.49
1522.21
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254.32
445.53

74.5
41.5

57.1
100
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Urban Growth 1970 - 2000

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Projected Urban Growth by 2015

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Problem and Prospect

Problem Pollution Waste Noise

Prospect Administration Education Security

Crowd Discrimination Disease

Communication Opportunity Convenience

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 Material management, reduction/improvement of human activity, improve (health, environment and aesthetic) Disciplined disposal, Improvement of city status. Removal of constraints to people , land for dumping, seepage or other scattering Now most of the modern cities are adopting roles to produce minimum waste. Minimize resource consumption and conserve more natural resources and environment. Data record/information. Waste management involves: Nature and origin of waste, surveying innovative waste management strategies, and finally problem associated with that. Typology based on stream/origin: Municipal Waste: Mainly referred to domestic wastes and sewerages Industrial Waste: From industries Bulk Waste: Construction Typology based on physical state/ nature: Liquid Waste: Oil spills, Industrial, Sewerages Solid Waste: Domestic Gaseous Waste: Emissions Typology on the basis of Danger: (a) Neutral (b) Hazardous (c) Radioactive
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Significance of Waste Management

Briefing the kinds of Waste

Municipal Waste: it includes the waste from-Residential, commercial, institutional sectors as well as from the construction, demolition, sewage sludge residue. Hazardous Waste: can come from a number of sources but the most important one is from the industrial sector. Nonindustrial includes households, institutions & commercial establishment. Type: Toxic, Flammable, Oxidizing, Infectious, obnoxious Radioactive Waste: Two kinds High Level Example spent fuel from the nuclear reactors Low Level Uranium mining, refinery waste, contaminated waste from nuclear rectors, institution and industry. Solid - Mostly from the municipal source, some hazardous waste of radioactive source could come as solid form. Liquid- Mostly from Municipal and industrial. Gaseous- Their strategy to manage is different. Could come from a variety of sources. Importance: Typology determines how effective wastes are to health, organism breeding, emission, Particle pollution and 16 MmI how to manage them

Municipal Wastes
Waste generation per capita increased significantly in both developing & developed nations. Almost 90% of municipal wastes are from the paper & plastic. The trend is up because of the blooming IT sector & high speed photo copier. Paper packaging is a good contributor to wastes; with the increase in paper plastic sources- waste from glass and steel materials is decreased. Waste generations depends on a number of factors: For Residential: House hold size : The more the people the more will be the waste production. But the less will be the per capita waste production Age Structure: Some age groups tend to eat more (teenagers). Infants disposable diapers can contribute more waste. Annual Household Income: Household with higher income produce more waste than that of lower. Higher income has higher purchasing power. Cultural Background: Fresh eater can produce low waste. Geographical Location: The family in an apartment building produce less waste than the family with back yarded house. Time of the year: Gardening, leafMmI etc. are related to the timing fall, 17 of the year which has impact on waste productions.

Hazardous Waste and Radioactive Waste

Hazardous Waste: These are toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, reactive or pathological in nature They can cause potential damage to human beings or to other organisms Radioactive waste are hazardous but put into different category because of differences in handling them.
Radioactive Waste: These are again divided into three categories: Low Level: Does not require shielding and do not produce heat Intermediate Level: Requires shielding and do not produce significant amount of heat. High Level: They require both shielding and heat protection. Special techniques are require to manage and handling them. MmI They penetrate and damage tissues.

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Waste Management Options

Configuration: What are wastes, training needs Collection (Assessment, Training, Sorting, legislation and sequencing time) Transportation (Instrument or transport, legislation and sequencing time) Disposal (Dumping, Incineration)

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Waste Management Option

Past Management System: Focused on Efficient Collection System Finding location for landfill and incinerators Currently that focus has shifted towards 4 Rs These are the hierarchy of waste management techniques-: (1) Reduction - at the top of hierarchy (2) Reuse - at the middle (3) Recycling Remanufacture (4) Regenerative use: Producing biogas REDUCTION: Reduce waste at their source of generation. Targeted Reduction: It could be done by setting reduction target at different geography of a country. For example, in Chittagong the authority could set a reduction target. So as can do in other regions of the country. SOURCE REDUCTION: Source Reduction could be done at (1) Household level (2) Commercial/industrial level Household Level By reducing purchasing amount of materials By purchasing durable products By using less package materials Commercial/industrial LevelBy employing more efficient manufacturing system MmI By reducing more scrap or fewer liquid wastes per unit of output.

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Concept of Reuse and Recycle

Reuse: Waste reuse occur when materials or products can be used in their original form. No need of physical and or chemical treatment Some minor physical treatment may be required such as washing or minor repair. Recycle: Waste products require significant physical or chemical treatment. Usually differs from the original one Regenerative Use: Raw kitchen wastes to Bio energy palnt Composting Three factors motivated in participation of 4Rs, These are (1) Economics (2) Environmental (3) Social MmI

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MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR ACHIEVING 4Rs

At Industrial Level: Primary motivating factor at industrial level is economic nature. Reduce, reuse and recycling decreases the cost of production and reduce waste disposal cost. Industries also comply with the pollution control measure, have to follow environmental law and regulation, thus have to be environmental and socially responsible. At Household Level: Not a single dominating factors like Industrial or commercial sectors. Legal factor sometimes motivating factor because recycling is mandatory. Economic is also important as it refund for the use of reusable item. Sometimes it could be an environmental as household solve waste disposal problem at community level.
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4Rs - Strategies
Source Reduction Strategies: Consumer awareness National Committee may be suggested to monitor the source reduction Reuse Strategies: Could be achieved profit from pollution prevention program. Waste exchange is the waste output in one industry could be production input in another industry. Non profit organization works on reuse by collecting cloths, furniture, organizing yard sell. Instituting Act. To control litter, by reusing can of beer, soft drink, fruit and vegetable can, wine can etc. By raising awareness about the environmental problem and encouraging consumer to purchase reusable packages. By labeling environmental friendly product.
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Waste Recycling/Disposal Strategies

There are many environmental benefits in using recycle materials Only 5-10% of energy is needed if recycled materials used in production. Air emission is reduced by 95% Water effluent by 78% There are three types of recycling activity depending on the extent on physical or chemical treatment of materials and could be arranged hierarchicallyPrimary Recycling at the top- the final product is comparable to the original one as few chemical and physical changed occurs Secondary Recycling at the middle- have the lower level of purity and quality. Tertiary Recycling: Involves significant physical or chemical decomposition of original materials. Ex. Compositing food and yard waste into fertilizer. Waste Disposal: Generally two kinds of waste disposal Incineration and Landfill MmI 24

Barrier to Instituting 4R Programs

Information: Information is important in achieving awareness. Physical: Associated with the building design. Most of the cases there are no recycle bin in commercial/or residential campus. Technological: Example lack of technological know how is recycling of mixed plastic materials into a usable form. Jurisdictional: is important at the municipal level, sometime they do not have authority in source reduction. Economic: This problem is related to all other barriers. In industrial sector major capital investment is required in achieving significant reduction gains and these are very difficult for a small company. Even larger company who have ability to invest in reduction are reluctant as they find alternative investment program to generate revenue. MmI 25

Assessing Waste Disposal Project

Assessing Current state of waste disposal Assessing the Community needs Assessing budget requirement Identifying budgets and source of Budgets Identifying existing organizational & structural situation/needs Assessing equipments and manpower available and needs Encouraging community participation Accounts on amount and kinds of solid waste Identifying policy and legislative bindings Determining size and distribution of population Manner of sorting and composting Health and safety measures Incorporating Standards Educational programs
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