Eubacteria

!rokaryotic domains
Archaea
(Archaebacteria)
Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
Aquifex
One of the deepest and earIiest branching groups.
hemolitho autotrophic thermophilic eubacteria
Habitat:terrestrial geothermal and marine hydrothermal systems (95
0

ostly rods
ost Aquificales can grow with hydrogen as sole electron donor and oxygen as
electron acceptor performing the reduction of O2 with H2 ("Knallgas" reaction:
2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O (Aquifex means 'water-maker'.
Aquificales can use thiosulfate or sulfur as an energy source (like chlorobium
and other green sulfur bacteria and produce sulfuric acid and H2S instead of
water.
The genome of Aquifex aeolicus comprises 1,551,335 base pairs (one-third the
size of the E. coli genome
16% homology to Archaeal genome.
Aquifex aeolicus is one of the most thermophilic bacteria known
%hermotoga
%hermotogaIes are thermophilic or hyperthermophilic (optimum 80 with a
maximum of 90
0
.
neutral pH
ostly bacillus with outer envelop.
aerobic gram-negative organisms
are typically nonsporeforming
capable of metabolizing several simple and complex carbohydrates including
glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and xylan.
Thermotogales exhibit L-alanine production similar to the achaeal Thermococcales,
suggesting that L-alanine production from sugar is a trait of a former ancestral
metabolism.
Example : %2ariti2a
einococcaIes (einococcus-%hermus)
einnococcus
Extremely resistant to environmental hazards (gamma and UV radiation, vacuum,
heat or cold.
ell wall extremely thick allowing them to stain Gram positive whereas their cell wall
bear resemblane to Gram negatives.
Presence of carotenoid pigment Deinoxanthin.
Eats nuclear waste
%hermaIes
Thermus aquaticus :P#
%ruepera
undefined
Bacteroides-FIavobacterium
Bacteroides
embrane contains sphingolipids. Peptidoglycan has ,meso-diaminopimelic acid.
Gram negative bacilii
non endospore forming motile/non motile anaerobes
Uses up plant polysachharides.
High concentration in human faeces.
Normal flora of G tract (intestine
acteroides fragilis opportunistic pathogen (inactivate beta lactum antibiotics
FIavobacterium
pathogens living in soil and freshwater.
!Ianctomycetes
Glycoprotein instead of murein
Nucleus more organised than general prokaryotes but not as well organised as
eukaryotes
Genome has some homology to hlamydia
Aquatic bacteria (freash, brakish, marine
Life cycle consists of two stages: sessile and flagellar
Possess holdfast that helps attachment at one end while the other end is involved in
reproduction by budding.
ram positives
Example: Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus (all cocci
acillus, ifidobacterium, lostridium, orynebacteria, Erysipelothrix,
Lactobacillus, Listeria (rods
hIamydia (bacteria-virus????) (obIigate intraceIIuIar parasites)
Gram negative (LPS outer membtane.
No murein (sensitive to murein systesis antibiotics??????
Life cycle : vegetative (non infectious and chlamydiospore (infectious
( reticulate body ( elementary body
NO ATP generating pathways ~ energy parasites
yanobacteria (bIue green aIgae)
Gram negative photoautotrophs ( metabolicatty uniform group
Structurally diverse
O2 assimilation by alvin-ension cycle
NO TA cycle (lacks d-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
#espiratory metabolism by pentose phosphate cycle
some flagellar cyanobacteria produce heterocyst in which nitrogen fixation takes
place
Oscillatoria limnetica can perform anaerobic sulfide dependant photoassimilation
of O2.
G+ values 35-71%
of genome (1.6-8.9 10^9
yanobacteria contd..
1. Oxygenic photosysthesis
- obligate photoautotrphy
- facultative chemoautothrophy
2. Nitrogen fixation
- heterocyst
- non heterocystous
3. Anoxygenic photosysthesis
- Oscillatoria limnetica
- sulphide dependent photosysthesis
laboration1ro2classnotesand$tanier)
yanobacteria contd..
Iassification of yanobacterioa difficult.
Physiologically uniform. Hence classification based on structural traits
Disadvantage:
1. Structural traits depend largely on culture conditions.
2. Similar structural traits exhibit genetic heterogeneity.
4 major groups based on
-Development pattern
-Presence/absence of heterocyst
1. UniceIIuIar yanobacteria
2. !Ieurocapsa group
3. OsciIIatoria group
4. Heterocystous yanobacteria
yanobacteria contd..
1. Unicellular yanobacteria
#ods /cocci, sheathed /unsheathed
Based on ceII division:
Subgroups (C+C) Aeroblc nlLrogen flxaLlon SheaLh
ulvlslon by buddlng
cbomoeslpboo
47 _ _
8lnary flsslon ln one plane
1Cleotbece
2 5yoecboccos
1 4043
2 3943
4736
6671
1 +
2
1 +
2
8lnary flsslon ln Lwo or
Lhree planes
15yoecbocystls
2 Cleocopso
1 3337
4248
2 4046
1
2
1
2 +
yanobacteria contd...
2. Pleurocapsa Group
ultiple fission ( successive binary fission without intervening cell
growth
aeocytes (smaller than mother cells
Number : 4 to <1000
- genetically controlled
- environmentally controlled ( favourable condition
early offset of multiple fission
less beaocytes per mother cell
e.g. Dermocarpa sp
yanobacteria contd...
3. Oscillatoria group
ilamentous, non heterocystous
inary fission followed by breakage from filament.
2 types of filament breakage
a. Pseudanabaena (plane of weakness along the central plane of each
septum
b. Oscillatoria ( perforations on septal wall similar to postage stamps
yanobacetria contd...
4. Heterocystous cyanobacteria
ilamentous, heterocystous
Heterocyst formed when deprived of combined nitrogen sourse
Specialized resting cells akinetes
Akinetes germinate to produce filaments under favourable conditions
#eproduction:
a. ilament breakage (daughter filamets/ hormogonia
b. inary fission on plane transverse to filament
$pirochetes
Helical cell body
intertwined by axial1ila2ent
Axial filament:
specialised organelle
present between murein layer and outer membrane
winds helically around the cell body
Outer sheath
axial filament
cytoplasmic membrane
attached to cytoplasmic membrane by basal bodies at each end of cell
from each end they span a little more than half the length of cell (except
eptospira
ost spirochetes have single disk at basal body (similar to Gram
positive bacteria excepteptospira(two disks similar to Gram negative
basal body
$pirochetes contd..
Axlal fllamenL llagella
sLrucLure 8asal body hook fllameL 8asal body hook
fllamenL
moLlllLy non moLlle lf alLered (sLralghL lnsLead of
colled)
non moLlle lf
absenL
non LranslaLlonal
moLlllLy
8eaLlng and lashlng 8eaLlng and
lashlng
1ranslaLlonal
moLlllLy
lnchworm creeplng (solld subLraLum)
8apld effect|ve |n h|gh v|scos|ty (||qu|d)
Leptospiro is positive/y toctic towords
hiqh viscosity
Ineffect|ve |n h|gh
v|scos|ty
SheaLh ften enve|oped |n prote|naceous sheath If sheathed
surrounded by
extens|on of outer
membrane
!oints in boId denote differences
$pirochetes contd..
Due to considerable structural and functional similarity to flagella, axial
filaments are termed endo1il2aentsor periplas2ic1ila2ents
Number varies over a large range depending on the genus and species
Cenus number of axlal fllamenLs
LepLosplra SplrochaeLa 2
1reponema 216
8orrella 3040
Number of endoflagella at each end of the cell are equal
probable role in motion:
a. rotation of endoflagella causes a rotaional motion of the murein bound
protoplast to rotate within the outer membrane
b. rotation of the endoflagella causes a helical wave to propagate down the
cell.
$pirochetes contd...
ell division of Spirochetes:
UniceIIuIar individuaI spirochete ceIIs:
New endoflagella originate at middle of cell
Septum is laid between basal bodies and daughter cells separate
UniceIIuIar spirochete forming muIticeIIuIar fiIament
$pirochetes contd...
Diversity of Spirochetes:
Not all spirochetes have been isolated in pure culture. Hence
diversity is not comprehensive.
iversity based on Iipid:
Lipids are major component of Spirochetes (20% of dry weight
All spirochetes contain monogaIactosyI digIyceride. exceptioneptospira)
All spirochetes are fatty acid auxotrophs (except Spirochaeta~ de novo A
synthesis
ost of the A auxotrophs require 15 A (saturated or unsaturated
Some species of Treponema can utilize isobutyrate and n-valerate and
elongate them to produce long chain A.
Diversity based on carbohydrate content of envelop:
varying composition of carbohydrate
Only Leptospira envelop has 3-O-methylmannose.
$pirochetea contd..
Diversity based on habitat
ostly Anaerobic or microaerotoIerant
S. aurentia and S. halophila (halophile are facultative aerobes. They
synthesise components of ET but cannot perform the entire TA cycle.
Leptospires are obligately aerobic
cannot respire carbohydrates
fatty acids are respiratory substrates
$pirochetes contd.
MetaboIism
arbohydrate metabolism: (growth
cannot ferment cellulose
ferments other carbohydrates via : EP pyruvate acetyl oA
ethanol, acetate, O2, H2
S. zuelzerae can produce lactate/ succinate instead of ethanol
Amino acid metabolism (maintenance
Some species of Spirochaeta can ferment branced aa.
Aa transamination d keto acid acetyl oA acetate
$pirochetes contd..
Pathogenicity:
Treponema and orellia are microaerophilic parasitic pathogens
Treponema:
Venereal syphillis
Endemic syphillis
Yaws
Pinta
orellia
#elapsing fever (tick/lice borne
Treponematoses (direct contact
$pirochetes contd...
Symbiosis:
ut of termites
Pillotinas (collective name
Live in association with parasites
Parasites utilise cellulose in termite stomach
Spirochetes provide motility
rystaIIine styIe of moIIuscs
Specialised organ of ollusca gut
ristispira sp
olluscs provide nutrition
ristispira sp help in metabolism