Logic/outIine:

To start with: some important causaI mechanisms on the reIationship between

education, weII being and aduIt performance (and GDP at the end)
Wide dispersion in country IeveI performances, mostIy due to institutionaI differences
There is a need for monitoring, benchmarking and poIicy comparisons, much of what
can be initiated and operated by the EU
Istvn Gyrgy Tth and Andrs Gbos
(Trki, Budapest, www.tarki.hu)
MateriaI and non-materiaI dimensions of chiId
weII-being in Europe
or Iess waste of human capitaI in a country:
- The Ionger the education is the better
- Less institutionaI seIectivity brings better overaII resuIts
- EarIy chiIdhood is cruciaI for both current weII being and for aduIt
performance
- Chain of transmission of adverse conditions can best be broken by
education
These mechanisms create a reIationship between education
and performance and weII being in aduIthood (and GDP at the end).
The above are rareIy questioned in research,
(but not that often respected in poIicy .)
ChiId poverty and chiId-weII being in the European
Union
Report for the European Commission
DG EmpIoyment, SociaI Affairs and EquaI Opportunities
Unit E.2
TARKI SociaI Research Institute (Budapest, Hungary)
AppIica (BrusseIs, BeIgium)
January 2010
Budapest - BrusseIs

There is a Iarge cross country variance of chiId

poverty outcomes between EU countries
(country cIusters by reIative at risk of poverty rates)
ndicators included in this presentation:
at-risk-of-poverty rate
relative median poverty gap
(both based on EU-SLC)
z-scores based on
the difference between the nationaI figure for
children and the overaII nationaI figure
the difference between the nationaI figure and the
EU average for chiIdren
z-scores added together, without weighting
Six clusters
to maximise the "steps between the groups
to minimise within-group variance

0K 6Y F| 8| NL 8E 0E AT EE E FR 6Z |E HT LU UK hU 8K LV EL PL LT PT E8 |T C R0

BuIgaria, Romania
ItaIy, Spain, PortugaI,
Lithuania, PoIand, Greece
Latvia, SIovakia,
Hungary, UK, Luxemburg
MaIta, IreIand, Czech Rep.
rance, BeIgium
Estonia, Austria, Germany,
Sweden, NetherIands
SIovenia, inIand,
Cyprus, Denmark
There are consistentIy ,good" and ,bad" performers in the EU
(ReIative outcomes of countries - chiId poverty risk and main determinants)
ChiId poverty risk
outcomes
JobIessness
In-work
poverty
Impact of
sociaI tr.
Good
performers
(in aII
dimensions)
Denmark + + + + + + + + + + + +
inIand + + + + + + + + + + +
SIovenia + + + + + + + + + +
Sweden + + + + + + + + + +
Cyprus + + + + + + + -
Estonia + + + + -
NetherIands + + + + + + +
Austria + + + + + + + + +
rance + + + + + +
Bad
performers in
aII
dimensions
SIovakia - - - +
Latvia - - - - - -
UK - - - - - +
Lithuania - - - - - -
Romania - - - - - - - - -
Source. TRKI (2011) ChiId WeII-being in the European Union commissioned by the HU Pres, which has been a a foIIow-up of the TRKI-AppIica (2010)
report and EU Task-orce (2008) report.
Notes. Data are derived from the EUROSTAT database,. AII data refer to 2008.
ChiId poverty outcomes: at-risk-of-poverty rate, reIative median poverty gap (EU-SILC). JobIessness: share of chiIdren in jobIess househoIds (EU-LS)
In-work poverty: at-risk-of-poverty rate of chiIdren in hhs with WI>= 0.5 (EU-SILC) Impact of sociaI transfers: (EU-SILC): at-risk-of-poverty rate before and
after sociaI transfers (excI. pensions)
ChiId poverty risk
outcomes
JobIessness
In-work
poverty
Impact of
sociaI tr.
JobIessness
is
a chaIIenge
BeIgium + + + + +
Czech
RepubIik + + + + + +
Germany + + + + + +
IreIand + + + + + +
Hungary + + + +
BuIgaria (?) +
In work
poverty is a
chaIIenge
Greece + + +
Spain +
ItaIy + +
Luxemburg + + + +
PoIand +
PortugaI + +
Source. TRKI (2011) ChiId WeII-being in the European Union commissioned by the HU Pres, which has been a a foIIow-up of the TRKI-AppIica (2010)
report and EU Task-orce (2008) report.
Notes. Data are derived from the EUROSTAT database,. AII data refer to 2008.
ChiId poverty outcomes: at-risk-of-poverty rate, reIative median poverty gap (EU-SILC). JobIessness: share of chiIdren in jobIess househoIds (EU-LS)
In-work poverty: at-risk-of-poverty rate of chiIdren in hhs with WI>= 0.5 (EU-SILC) Impact of sociaI transfers: (EU-SILC): at-risk-of-poverty rate before and
after sociaI transfers (excI. pensions)
Depending on Iabour markets and institutionaI setting, in some countries
jobIessness, in others in work poverty hits chiIdren more
To monitor chiId weII being a compIex and integrated chiId weII-being indicator portfoIio is
needed
Dimensions
Ch||d age groups
0S 611
1217
A1: Income Atr|skofpoverty rate
ke|at|ve med|an poverty r|sk gap
ers|stent atr|skofpoverty rate (D|spers|on around the poverty thresho|d)
A2: MateriaI
deprivation
r|mary |nd|cator of mat depr
(Secondary |nd|cator of mat depr|vat|on)
Severe mater|a| depr|vat|on
A3: Housing nous|ng costs Cvercrowd|ng
A4: LM attachment Share of ch||dren |n [ob|ess househo|ds (Share of ch||dren |n |ow work |ntens|ty (|nc|ud|ng
[ob|ess) househo|ds)
Ch||dcare use
B1: Education art|c|pat|on |n pre
pr|mary educat|on
(Low) kead|ng ||t perf 10y
Lducat|ona| depr|vat|on
(Low) kead|ng ||t perf 1Sy
Lducat|ona| depr|vat|on
Lar|y schoo||eavers (1824)
B2: HeaIth (L|fe expectancy)
(er|nata| morta||ty)
Infant morta||ty
Vacc|nat|on
Low b|rth we|ght
8reastfeed|ng
Cra| hea|th
Iru|t da||y
8reakfast every schoo| day
(Cverwe|ght)
Genera| ||fe sat|sfact|on
hys|ca| act|v|ty
(Se|fperce|ved genera| hea|th)
B3: Risk behaviour 1eenage b|rths
Da||y smok|ng
kegu|ar a|coho| use neavy
ep|sod|c dr|nk|ng
I|||c|t drug use 1ranqu||| use
B4: SociaI part., fam.
Env.
(Share |n s|ng|eparent househo|ds)
B5: LocaI environment (Cr|me |n the area |s a prob|em) (o||ut|on or d|rt |s a prob|em |n the area)
To better advance poIicy feedback, anaIytic and
monitoring instruments are suggested to be
introduced
1. PoIicy marker report card
Overall country picture based on main indicators
Suggested breakdowns to complete main indicators
Relative performance
2. ChiId weII being monitoring framework
Relative performance assessment for each Member States along each indicator
Seven country groups based on distribution of z-scores (sample: EU-27)
Definitions and cut-off points
!resentation of countries' relative policy
performance in a policy marker report card
Main indicators
EU-27 max
EU-27 min
Lead indicators
LOW performance: the value
of that specific indicator
differs from the EU-average
in the 'bad' direction (by at
least 1 SE)
HIGH performance: the value of that
specific indicator differs from the EU-
average in the 'good' direction (by at
least 1 SE)
A genera| f|nd|ng the re|at|onsh|ps between mater|a|
and nonmater|a| we||be|ng outcomes
- There is a significant
correlation between
material well-being on
the one hand and
education and health
performance on the
other
- This is not the case
for risk behaviour Ro BG
IE
EL
NL, DK,
SE, I, R
UK, HU
IE
BG
Ro
NL, DK,
SE,
MT
SE, I, CY
DK, NL,
R, AT
Ro
BG
EL
H
E
a
I
t
h
E
d
u
c
A
T
I
O
n
R
i
s
k
b
e
h
a
v
I
u
r
Suggestion 1: ew education, health and risk behaviour indicators be
introduced to fill in the reserved child well-being slot within the
Social OMC portfolio of indicators
Suggestion 2: Build-up a comprehensive and separate set of child
well-being indicators to allow for monitoring their situation in a
comparative way across the MSs
Suggestion 3: To complement this portfolio with context indicators
(e.g. institutional indicators or measures of intergenerational
redistribution)
Suggestion 4: To improve and adjust the data infrastructure
accordingly
Suggestions for the improvement of poIicy feedback
(to enabIe countries Iearning from each others good
practices)
Suggestion 5: Focus on equality of opportunities: to
improve on education performance and to improve on
family background disparities
Suggestion 6: Focus on interventions in early childhood
Suggestion 7: mprove strategies to strenghten family
AD to improve formal care institutons
Suggestion 8: Adjust the incentive system to foster the
largest possible education and health service take-up
Suggestions for poIicies for more
equitabIe (and effective) human capitaI
formation
Andrs Gbos - Istvn Gyrgy Tth
http://www.tarki.hu/en
Thank you
ChiId poverty and chiId-weII being in the European
Union
Report for the European Commission
DG EmpIoyment, SociaI Affairs and EquaI Opportunities
Unit E.2
TARKI SociaI Research Institute (Budapest, Hungary)
AppIica (BrusseIs, BeIgium)
January 2010
Budapest - BrusseIs

Annex sIides
Surveyed datasets
The EU Statistics on ncome and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
The Labour Force Survey (LS)
The !rogramme for nternational Student Assessment (PISA)
!rogress in nternational Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Trends in nternational Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (HBSC)
European School Survey !roject on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD)
Relative performance methods for
computing
Seven country groups based on distribution of z-scores (sample: EU-
27)
Definitions and cut-off points
Notation Range of z-score*
Very high +++ 2 <
High ++ 1 < 2
Moderately high + 0.25 < 1
Average 0 - 0.25 < + 0.25
Moderately low - -1 < -0.25
Low -- -2 < -1
Very low --- < -2
Cut-off points: the distance from average of EU-27, measured by standard deviations
An integrated chiId weII-being indicator portfoIio -
breakdowns
D|mens|on Ind|cator w|th 017 age breakdown 8reakdown
A1 lncome
A1 ALrlskofpoverLy raLe Chlld age work lnLenslLy household Lype mlgranL sL
A12 8elaLlve medlan poverLy rlsk Chlld age
A2 MaLerlal
deprlvaLlon
A21 MaLerlal deprlvaLlon Chlld age work lnLenslLy household Lype mlgranL sL
A22 Severe maLerlal deprlvaLlon Chlld age work lnLenslLy household Lype mlgranL sL
81 LducaLlon
811 Low readlng llLeracy performance of puplls aged
13
arenLs' educaLlon mlgranL sLaLus
812 Low readlng llLeracy performance of puplls aged
10
arenLs' educaLlon
813 LducaLlonal deprlvaLlon arenLs' educaLlon
82 PealLh
821 lnfanL morLallLy Cender
822ac vacclnaLlon ln chlldren Cender
823 Low blrLh welghL Cender
824 Lxcluslve breasLfeedlng Cender
823 Ceneral llfe saLlsfacLlon Cender famlly affluence scale
822 Cral healLh Cender famlly affluence scale
823 LaLlng frulL dally Cender famlly affluence scale
824 Pavlng breakfasL every school day Cender famlly affluence scale
83 8lsk
behavlour
832 ually smoklng Cender
833 8egular alcohol use Cender
834 Peavy eplsodlc drlnklng Cender
833 llllclL drug use Cender
836 1ranqullllzers/medlclnes use Cender
Lead indicators of the poIicy marker
report cards:
a first Iist for consideration
ncome poverty: at-risk-of-poverty rate
Material deprivation: severe material deprivation rate
Housing: overcrowding rate
Labour market participation of parents: children in low work
intensity households
Education: early school-leavers
Health: low birth-weight
Exposure to risk and risk behaviour: daily smoking
Overall country picture based on main indicators
Figures for children
Figures for overall pop.
EU-27 average
figures
Unweighted EU-
average
Rel. perf.
to the EU-
27
Trends
Suggested breakdowns to compIete main indicators
A. Material well-being B. on-material well-being
Unreliable estimate (<20)
LducaLlonal deprlvaLlon among chlldren
Source: Social Situation Observatory 2011-7. research note.
ote. Results are estimations using EU-SLC 2009 specific module on material deprivation. The source of the OECD results is
the !SA 2009 survey. The OECD indicator is a composite index based on 7 items. Deprived: has less than 5 out of 7 items.
MDR material deprivartion rate.
Suitable books: affordability of books at home suitable for child's age every child aged 1-15 in the hh must have the item.
Suitable place to study: affordability of a plcae to study or do homework every child aged less than 16 and attending school
must have the item.
Countries are ranked according to the material deprivation rate among children at hh level.
Reading literacy performance 15 yrs
Definition: share of 15-year-
oId pupiIs who are at IeveI 1
or beIow on the PISA
combined reading Iiteracy
scaIe.
Rec: to foIIow changes in
country performances
according to maths and
science Iiteracy scores.
Source: OECD,
PISA survey, 2006-2009
Definition: Difference in
average reading Iiteracy scores
between pupiIs who have at
Ieast one parent with compIeted
tertiary education and pupiIs
who have at Ieast one parent
with onIy Iower secondary
education (or beIow), (score
point diff.)
Reading Iiteracy performance - 10 yrs
Definition: share of 10-year-oId
pupiIs at or beIow the Low
InternationaI Benchmark in
reading
Rec: to refIect on performance
in Iater phases of chiId's
cognitive deveIopment (based
on PISA).
Source: PIRLS survey, 2006
Definition: test- score
difference in the average
Iiteracy performance according
to the education IeveI of
parents
EarIy schooI-Ieavers
Def|n|t|on Numerator persons aged 1824 (|) w|th the h|ghest |eve| of educat|on ISCLD 0 1 2 or 3c
(||) and who dec|ared that they had not rece|ved any educat|on or tra|n|ng |n the four weeks
preced|ng the survey Denom|nator cons|sts of the tota| popu|at|on of the same age group
Source Lurostat LULIS
Educational deprivation
Definition: % of students who report having Iess than 5 out of 7 educationaI items in
their homes.
Items: quiet pIace to study, desk, computer, educationaI software, internet connection,
textbook, dictionary.
Rec: further work on item seIection and reguIar monitoring using EU-SILC is strongIy
recommended.
Source: OECD, PISA survey, 2009