8ICDIVLkSI1 I1S

CCNSLkVA1ICN
1he Internat|ona| ear of 8|od|vers|ty
Take Action in 2010 and beyond, because
Biodiversity is Iife
Biodiversity is our Iife
Definition of Biodiversity
Types of Biodiversity:
genetic diversity
species diversity
ecosystem diversity
Biogeographical classification of India Value of biodiversity :
consumptive use,
productive use
social, ethical, aesthetic and
option values
Biodiversity at global, National and local levels.
India as a mega-diversity nation
Hot-sports of biodiversity
Threats to biodiversity :
habitat loss,
poaching of wildlife,
man-wildlife conflicts.
Endangered and endemic species of India
Conservation of biodiversity : In-situ and
Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
DEFNTON Biodiversity or biological diversity is
the variation of taxonomic life forms
within a given ecosystem, biome or for
the entire Earth.
i.e the variety and variability among all
groups of living organisms and the
ecosystem in which they occur.
Dn|ted Nat|ons Convent|on on 8|o|og|ca| D|vers|ty (%
#1he variability among living organisms from all sources
including inter alia terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a
part, this includes diversity within species, between species and
of ecosystems".
egree of nature's variety in the biosphere
ene
Species
Biota
Biomes
enetic iversity
Species iversity
Ecosystem iversity
LEVEL8 0F |00|VER8|TY
LNL1IC DIVLkSI1
enes are bas|c un|ts of hered|tary |nformat|on transm|tted from
one generat|on to other
8as|c sources of 8|od|vers|ty
enes found |n spec|es form enormous number of comb|nat|ons
each of wh|ch g|ves r|se to #enet|c Var|ab|||ty"
eg Cryza Sat|va d|ffer |n the|r shape s|ze aroma due to
var|at|ons at the genet|c |eve|
SLCILS DIVLkSI1
k|chness of spec|es |n an ecosystem
Var|ab|||ty found w|th|n the
popu|at|on of a spec|es or between
d|fferent spec|es of a commun|ty
1ota| number of ||v|ng spec|es range
of S m||||on
8ut t||| now on|y about 8 m||||on
spec|es have been actua||y descr|bed
and g|ven sc|ent|f|c names
Ind|ces for measur|ng Spec|es d|vers|ty
Shannon W|ener Index
It takes |nto account the number and
evenness of the spec|es
Increased e|ther by hav|ng more un|que
spec|es or by hav|ng a greater spec|es
evenness
S|mpson Index
It takes |nto account the number of spec|es
present as we|| as the re|at|ve abundance
of each spec|es
kepresents the probab|||ty that two
random|y se|ected |nd|v|dua|s |n the
hab|tat be|ong to the same spec|es
LCCSS1LM DIVLkSI1
An ecosysLem develops lLs own characLerlsLlc
communlLy of llvlng organlsms dependlng upon
Lhe avallablllLy of abloLlc resources envlronmenLal
condlLlons and oLher facLors
varlaLlons exlsL wlLh respecL Lo physlcal parameLers
llke molsLure LemperaLure alLlLude preclplLaLlon
eLc
Lcologlcal complexlLy showlng varlaLlons ln
ecologlcal nlches Lrophlc sLrucLure foodwebs
nuLrlenL cycllng eLc
lor eg a pond possess dlfferenL seLs of flora and
fauna as compared Lo Lhe rlver ecosysLem 1hls
dlverslLy has developed over mllllons of years of
evoluLlon and ls of greaL value LhaL musL be kepL
lnLacL
Terrestrial Ecosystem
orest Ecosystem
esert Ecosystem
rassIand Ecosystem
WetIand ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem
Marine Ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
River Ecosystem
!o+!e
orest Ecosystem - ominance of Trees
TropicaI Rain orest
TropicaI eciduous orest
Temperate eciduous orest
Coniferous orest
8ICLCkAnICAL CLASSIIICA1ICN CI INDIA
ma[or reg|ons
eography
C||mate and 1opography
Var|ety of I|ora and Iauna
Vegetat|on
D|fferent types of an|ma|s b|rds rept||es |nsects etc
Var|ety of ecosystem
k|ch her|tage of 8|o|og|ca| D|vers|ty
Trans Himalayan
Himalayan
Desert
Semi Arid
Western Ghats
Deccan Peninsula
Gangetic Plain
North-East India
Islands
Coasts
ndia's Major Biogeographic Habitats
l no 8logeographlc Zone 8loLlc rovlnce
1 1rans Plmalayan upper 8eglons
2 Plmalayan
norLhWesL Plmalayan WesL Plmalayas
CenLral Plmalayas LasL Plmalayas
3 ueserL kuLch 1har Ladakh
4 eml Arld
CenLral lndla
Cu[araL 8a[wara
3 WesLern ChaLs Malabar CoasLs WesLern ChaL MounLalns
6 ueccan enlnsula
ueccan plaLeau souLh CenLral plaLeau
LasLern plaLeau ChhoLa nagpur
CenLral hlghlands
7 CangeLlc laln upper gangeLlc plalns Lower gangeLlc plaln
8 norLhLasL lndla 8rahmapuLra valley norLheasLern hllls
9 lslands
Andaman lslands nlcobar lslands
Lakshadweep lslands
10 CoasLs WesL coasL LasL coasL
VALDL CI 8ICDIVLkSI1
In terms of
Commerc|a| Dt|||ty
Soc|a| and Aesthet|c Va|ue
Lco|og|ca| Serv|ces
Consumptive Use VaIue
Productive Use VaIue
SociaI VaIue
EthicaI vaIue
Aesthetic VaIue
Option VaIue
Ecosystem Service VaIue
iodiversity value has been classified by McNeely et al in 1990
Consumpt|ve Dse Va|ue
ulrecL use values where Lhe blodlverslLy producL can be harvesLed and
consumed dlrecLly
eg fuel food drugs flbre eLc
ood
A large number of plants
are consumed by human
beings as food.
About 90% of present day
crops have been
domesticated from wild
tropical plants.
en|c||||n used as an anLlbloLlc ls derlved from
a fungus called peolcllllom
1etracyc||n from a bacLerlum
;u|n|ne ls obLalned from bark of clnchona Lree
V|mb|ast|n and V|ncr|st|ne Lwo anLl cancer
drugs have been obLalned from perlwlnkle
(caLharanLhus) planL
Drugs and med|c|nes
% of the world's population depends upon plants or plant extracts
Iue|
loresLs used for luel Wood
lossll fuels Coal eLroleum and
naLural Cas are also producLs of
fosslllzed 8lodlverslLy
roduct|ve Dse Va|ue
ommercially usable values where the product is marketed and sold
1lmber
Wlld Cene 8esources Lraded for use by
sclenLlsLs for lnLroduclng deslrable LralLs
Anlmal producLs llke Lusks of elephanLs
musk from musk deer wool from sheep
sllk from sllk worms
uesplLe lnLernaLlonal ban on Lrade ln
producLs from endangered specles
smuggled hlde fur Lusks worLh mllllons
of dollars are belng sold
aper and ulp lndusLry
lywood lndusLry
8allway leeper lndusLry
1exLlle lndusLry
lvory Works
LeaLher lndusLry
earl lndusLry
ndustries dependant upon the productive use vaIue of Biodiversity.
Soc|a| Va|ue
values assoclaLed wlLh Lhe soclal llfe cusLoms rellglon and
psychosplrlLual aspecLs of people ln a socleLy
Many of Lhe planLs (1ulsl eepal Mango) are consldered holy and
sacred and Lhelr leaves frulLs and flowers are used ln worshlp ln
our counLry
Many anlmals llke cow snake bull peacock also have slgnlflcanL
place ln our psychosplrlLual arena and Lhus hold speclal soclal
lmporLance
Lth|ca| Va|ue
LLhlcal lssues llke
# !! !+]e +:;! !e +e;e+\eo"
8ased on Lhe concepL of
# +\e o+o e! +\e "
Apart from the economic importance of conserving biodiversity, there
are several cultural, moral and ethical values which are associated
with the sanctity of all forms of life.
Aesthet|c Va|ue
Lcotour|sm #espooslble ttovel to
oototol oteos tbot coosetves tbe
eovltoomeot ooJ lmptoves tbe well
beloq of locol people 1l5 1be
lotetootloool cotootlsm 5oclety 1990
Conservat|on Lfforts
Commun|ty art|c|pat|on
Lconom|c 8enef|ts converge
AbouL 12 mllllon dollars of revenue
annually
# W||||ngness to pay" concepL
Cpt|on Va|ues
value of knowlng LhaL Lhere are blologlcal resources on Lhls
blosphere LhaL may one day prove Lo be an effecLlve opLlon
for someLhlng lmporLanL ln Lhe fuLure
values lnclude Lhe poLenLlal of blodlverslLy LhaL are
presenLly unknown and need Lo be explored
Lcosystem Serv|ce Va|ue
nonconsumpLlve use value relaLed Lo self malnLenance of
varlous lmporLanL ecosysLem
8efers Lo servlces provlded by ecosysLems llke
!revention of Soil Erosion.
!revention of floods.
Maintenance of soil fertility.
ycling of nutrients.
!ollutant absorption and reduction
of the threat of Global Warming.
8|od|vers|ty Va|ue of some se|ected organ|sms |n monetary terms
+ A male Llon llvlng upLo Lhe age of 7 years can
generaLe upLo $ 313 lakhs due Lo lLs
aesLheLlc value as pald by LourlsLs
+ ln a llfeLlme a kenyan LlephanL can earn
worLh $ 1 mllllon as LourlsL revenue
+ 1he mounLaln Corlllas ln 8wanda are
feLchlng up Lo $ 4 mllllon annually Lhrough
ecoLourlsm
+ Whale waLchlng on Pervey 8ay on
Cueensland's coasL earns $ 12 mllllon annually
+ 1ourlsm Lo CreaL 8arrler 8eef ln AusLralla earns
$ 2 bllllon each year
+ A Lree provldes $ 196 mllllon worLh of
ecologlcal servlces as oxygen clean alr waLer
recycllng ferLlle soll eroslon conLrol wlld llfe
hablLaL Loxlc gas moderaLlon eLc whereas lLs
worLh ls only $ 390 lf sold ln markeL as Llmber
Lcosystem spec|es and genet|c b|od|vers|ty
va|ue have enormous potent|a|
ecIine in biodiversity
Huge economic, ecoIogicaI
and socio-cuIturaI Iosses
|oba| 8|od|vers|ty
8oughly 18 mllllon specles are known Llll daLe
MosL of blorlch naLlons are ln Lhe souLh developlng naLlons
ouLh Amerlca such as 8razll L Aslan counLrles such as Malaysla lndonesla
1he ma[orlLy of Lhe counLrles capable of explolLlng blodlverslLy are
norLhern reglons developed naLlons
Internat|ona| Agreements
World PerlLage ConvenLlon Lo proLecL and supporL such areas lndla ls
a slgnaLory Lo Lhe convenLlon and has lncluded areas
Manas (border beLween 8huLan and lndla)
kazlranga ln Assam
8haraLpur ln u
nandadevl ln Lhe Plmalayas
underbans ln Lhe Canges delLa WesL 8engal
Convent|on |n the 1rade of Lndangered Spec|es (Cl1L)
1o reduce Lhe uLlllzaLlon of endangered planLs and anlmals
by conLrolllng Lrade ln Lhelr producLs and ln Lhe peL Lrade
ConvenLlon on 8lologlcal ulverslLy
ConvenLlon on Lhe ConservaLlon of MlgraLory pecles of
Wlld Anlmals
1he lnLernaLlonal 1reaLy on lanL CeneLlc 8esources for
lood and AgrlculLure
ConvenLlon on WeLlands (popularly known as Lhe 8amsar
ConvenLlon)
Ind|an 8|od|vers|ty
Lvery counLry ls characLerlzed by lLs own
blodlverslLy dependlng upon lLs cllmaLe
lndla has rlch blologlcal dlverslLy of flora and
fauna
6 of Lhe global specles are found ln lndla
1oLal number of specles ln lndla 130000
8lodlverslLy PoLspoLs 2 ln 23 ln Lhe world
norLheasLern 8eglon and WesLern ChaLs
!late Tectonic Theory A split in the single giant continent around 70 million
years ago, led to the Iormation oI northern and southern continents.
A AS MEA VERSTY ATO
lanLs and anlmals
from Lurope
|ants and
an|ma|s from Iar
Last
Afrlca wlLh LLhloplan
specles adapLed Lo
savannas and seml arld
lndla's speclal geographlcal poslLlon beLween Lhree dlsLlncLlve cenLers of
blologlcal evoluLlon and radlaLlon of specles ls responslble for
our rlch and varled blodlverslLy
eological events in the landmass
high levels of biological diversity
F AustraIia
F BraziI
F China
F CoIumbia
F Ecuador
F The United States
F ndia
F ndonesia
F Madagascar
F Mexico
F Peru
F The democratic
RepubIic of Congo
Compar|son 8etween the Number of Spec|es |n Ind|a and the Wor|d
roup Number of
spec|es |n Ind|a
Number of spec|es |n
the wor|d
Ind|a's Wor|d
kank|ng
Mamma|s 3S 46 8
th
8|rds 4 7 8
th
kept||es 48 6SS S
th
Amph|b|ans 7 4S S
th
I|shes S46 73
I|ower|ng |ants S S S
th

th
ndia is one of the 12 mega diversity countries in the worId
MoEF, Govt. of ndia records
4,000 species of plants
81,000 species of animals
% and 6.% of global flora & fauna.
D|str|but|on of spec|es |n ma[or groups of f|ora and fauna |n Ind|a
roup w|se Spec|es D|str|but|on
|ants Number An|ma|s Number
8acter|a
Iung|
A|gae
8ryophytes
ter|dophytes
ymnosperms
Ang|osperms
8S
3
S
S64

64
S
Lower roups
Mo||usca
Arthopoda
|sces
Amph|b|a
kept||es
8|rds
Mamma|s
7
S4
S7SS
S46
7
48
4
3S
Lndem|sm pecles whlch are resLrlcLed Lo
a parLlcular area
62 of amphlblans and
30 llzards are endemlc Lo lndla
WesLern ChaLs maxlmum endemlsm
lndla CenLre of orlgln of many specles
Mar|ne D|vers|ty 7300 km long
lndlan coasLllne ls rlch ln mangroves
esLuarles coral reefs eLc
More Lhan 34 spec|es of cora|s of
Lhe world are found
everal specles of mangroves and
sea grasses also
nC1 SC1S CI 8ICDIVLkSI1
Areas whlch exhlblL hlgh specles rlchness as well as hlgh specles
endemlsm are Lermed as hoL spoLs of blodlverslLy
1he Lerm was lnLroduced by Myers (1988)
1here are over a Lhousand ma[or ecoreglons ln Lhe world
'Clobal 200' 200 are sald Lo be Lhe rlchesL raresL and mosL
dlsLlncLlve naLural areas
1here are 23 hoL spoLs aL global level
'Mega dlverslLy naLlons' CounLrles whlch have a relaLlvely large
proporLlon of hoL spoLs of dlverslLy
Accordlng Lo Myers eL al
PoLspoL area when lL conLalns aL leasL
03 of Lhe planL specles as endemlcs
Cover less Lhan 2 of Lhe world's land
buL found Lo have 30 of LerresLrlal
blodlverslLy
Cur globally accepLed naLlonal hoL spoLs
are ln Lhe fotests of tbe Nottbost ooJ
tbe westeto Cbots whlch are lncluded ln
Lhe world's mosL blorlch areas
The lndion hotspots are not only rich in Iloral wealth and endemic species
oI plants but also reptiles, amphibians, swallow tailed butterIlies and some
mammals.
1he 4ndomon ond Nicobor ls/onds
extremely rich in species
many subspecies oI diIIerent animals and birds have evolved
2200 specles of flowerlng planLs and 120 specles of ferns
Forests of the North-East:
63of genera of land mammals ln lndla(83/133)
1300 endemlc planL specles
Western Ghats
Ma[or proporLlon of amphlblan and repLlle sp especlally snakes
1300 endemlc planL specles
|oba| not Spots of 8|od|vers|ty
1 1roplcal Andes
2 Mesoamerlcan loresLs
3 Carlbbean
4 8razll's ALlanLlc loresLs
3 uarlen of anama
WesLern Lcuador
6 CenLral Chlle
7 Callfornla llorlsLlc
rovlnce
8 Madagascar
9 LasLern Arc and CoasLal
loresL of 1anzanla
10 WesLern Afrlca loresLs
11 Cape llorlsLlc rovlnce
12 ALlanLlc loresL
13 ucculenL karoo
14 MedlLerranean 8asln
13 Caucasus
16 undal Land
17 Wallacea
18 hlllpplnes
19 lndo8urma LasLern
Plmalayas
20 ouLh CenLral Chlna
21 WesLern ChaLs
22 ouLh WesLern AusLralla
23 new Caledonla
24 new Zealand
23 olynesla/Mlcronesla
1hreats to 8|od|vers|ty
LxLlncLlon or ellmlnaLlon of a specles ls a naLural process of
evoluLlon
Powever Lhe raLe of loss of specles ln geologlc pasL has been a
slow process
1he process of exLlncLlon has become parLlcularly fasL ln
Lhe recenL years of human clvlllzaLlon
Cne of Lhe esLlmaLes by L C Wllson puLs Lhe flgure of
exLlncLlon aL 10000 specles/ year
No. of American species
endangered
nab|tat |oss and destruct|on
A|terat|ons |n ecosystem compos|t|on
Invas|ve a||en spec|es
Cverexp|o|tat|on
Manw||d ||fe conf||cts
o||ut|on and contam|nat|on
|oba| c||mate change
Ma[or causes for |oss of 8|od|vers|ty
Loss of nab|tat uesLrucLlon and loss of naLural hablLaL ls Lhe slngle largesL
cause of 8lodlverslLy loss Cccurs by desLrucLlon of naLural ecosysLems for
conservaLlon Lo agrlculLure or lndusLry or by overexLracLlon of Lhelr
resources or Lhrough polluLlon of alr waLer and soll
eg uesLrucLlon of hablLaL for breedlng of marlne flsh by Lhe clearlng of
Mangroves are cleared for fuel wood and prawn farmlng
8llllons of ha of foresLs and grasslands have cleared over Lhe pasL 10000 years
1 Lxcesslve flrewood collecLlon from Lhe foresL
2 loraglng caLLle seedllngs are consLanLly Lrampled
3 8epeaLed flres reduces regeneraLlon lowers dlverslLy of planL specles
Cveruse of Lhe naLural ecosysLems and unsusLalnable' consumpLlon of naLural
resource converL producLlve foresLs and grasslands Lo deserLs and wasLeland
clenLlsLs' esLlmaLlon ellmlnaLlon of approx 10 mllllon specles (23 of Lhe
world's specles) by 2030
1he |ntroduct|on of exot|c spec|es
lnLroducLlon of specles from one area lnLo anoLher dlsLurblng Lhe
balance ln exlsLlng communlLles
ln Lhe process accldenLally (llke noxlous weeds and lnsecL pesLs) or
purposely lnLroduced organlsms lead Lo Lhe exLlncLlon of many local
specles
loxes rabblLs and caLs whlch were Laken Lo AusLralla aboard
Luropean shlps have declmaLed AusLralla's lndlgenous wlldllfe
Locklng of exoLlc flsh for sporL for food has caused aL leasL 18
exLlncLlons of flsh specles ln norLh Amerlcan rlvers
CaLasLrophlc changes ln Lhe flsh blodlverslLy of Lake vlcLorla (LasL
Afrlca) resulLed from Lhe lnLroducLlon of nlle perch
LucalypLus whlch ls lndlgenous ln AusLralla behaves as a has pesL
ln many Lroplcal and subLroplcal reglons
1he annual economlc damage caused by lnvaslve planL and anlmal
specles ls esLlmaLed Lo be ln Lhe reglon of u$ 14 Lrllllon
nab|tat fragmentat|on omeLlmes Lhe loss of hablLaL ls ln lnsLallmenLs so LhaL
Lhe hablLaL ls dlvlded ln Lo small and scaLLered paLches
o||ut|on and g|oba| env|ronmenta| change
oach|ng lllegal kllllng and Lrade of anlmals for sporLs and economlc benlflLs
Large economlc beneflLs
kln and bones from Llgers
lvory from elephanLs
horns from rhlnos and Lhe
perfume from Lhe musk deer are exLenslvely used abroad
8ears are kllled for Lhelr gall bladders
Corals and shells for exporL or sold on Lhe beaches of Chennal and
kanyakumarl
varleLy of wlld planLs wlLh medlclnal value are over harvesLed
ln lndla foresLs and grasslands are conLlnuously belng changed
Lo agrlculLural land
lmllarly naLural weLland sysLems esLabllshmenL of croplands
resulLlng ln loss of aquaLlc specles
ueforesLaLlon for Llmber and replanLed uslng Leak sal or oLher
slngle specles for Lhelr Llmber value
uch planLaLlons do noL supporL Lhe same blologlcal dlverslLy as
a mulLlsLorled naLural foresL
1urLles are belng massacred off Lhe
coasL of Crlssa hunLlng for meaL
shell and eggs hablLaL desLrucLlon
flsherles bycaLch lnLernaLlonal
Lrade polluLlon boaL sLrlkes
lnLroduced predaLors dlsease and
cllmaLe change
ManW||d L|fe Conf||cts
ln ambhalpur Crlssa 193 humans were kllled ln Lhe lasL flve years
by LlephanLs ln reLallaLlon Lhe vlllagers kllled 98 elephanLs and
badly ln[ured 30 oLhers
1he ManLlephanL ConfllcLs ln Lhe reglons of koLeChamra[anagar
has arlsen because of masslve damage done by Lhe elephanLs Lo
Lhe coLLon and sugar cane crops
ln 2004 a man eaLlng Llger was reporLed Lo klll 16 nepalese people
and one 4 year chlld lnslde Lhe royal ChlLwan naLlonal ark
!une 2004 Lwo men were kllled by leopard ln owal Mumbal
Causes for ManAn|ma| Conf||ct
uwlndllng hablLaL of Llgers elephanLs rhlnos and bears due Lo
shrlnklng foresLs
usually Lhe lll and weak anlmals have Lendency Lo aLLack
humans
lnsufflclenL food supply
LncroachmenL of wlldllfe corrldors
1he cash compensaLlon pald by Lhe CovernmenL ln lleu of Lhe
damage caused Lo Lhe farmers ls noL enough 1he agonlzed
farmer Lherefore geLs revengeful and kllls wlld anlmals
kemed|a| Measures to Curb the Conf||cts
1|ger conservat|on pro[ect has made provlslons for maklng
avallable vehlcles Lranqullllzer guns blnoculars and radlo seLs
eLc Lo LacLfully deal wlLh any lmmlnenL danger
Adequate crop compensat|on and caLLle compensaLlon scheme
musL be sLarLed along wlLh subsLanLlal cash compensaLlon for loss
of human llfe
So|ar powered fenc|ng should be provlded along wlLh elecLrlc
currenL proof Lrenches Lo prevenL anlmals sLraylng lnLo flelds
Cropp|ng pattern shou|d be changed near Lhe foresL borders and
adequaLe fodder frulL and waLer should be made avallable Lo Lhe
elephanLs wlLh ln Lhe foresL zone
W||d||fe corr|dors should be provlded for mass mlgraLlon of anlmals
durlng unfavorable perlods
WWI1C's |n|t|at|ve Lo curb Lhe rlLual of akhand shlkar" ln Crlssa
Akhand hlkar or Mass PunLlng beglns each year on Aprll 13 Lo end
of May colnclde wlLh a fesLlval called ana ankranLl
1rlbes ln Lhe area conslder hunLlng durlng Lhls perlod Lo be
parLlcularly forLunaLe Armed wlLh bows and arrows and even guns
Lhey plunge lnLo Lhe foresLs of Lhe sancLuary
Lndangered and endem|c spec|es of Ind|a
ndonqered A specles when lLs number has been reduced Lo a
crlLlcal level or whose hablLaLs have been drasLlcally reduced lf
lL ls noL proLecLed and conserved lL ls ln lmmedlaLe danger of
exLlncLlon
tinct A specles when lL ls noL seen ln Lhe wlld for 30 years aL
a sLreLch eg uodo assenger lgeon
Lndangered spec|es
vulnerable 8are lndeLermlnaLe 1hreaLened
Vu|nerab|e lf populaLlon of a specles ls faclng a
conLlnuous decllne or llkely Lo become
endangered or LhreaLened due Lo over
explolLaLlon or hablLaL desLrucLlon and Lhe
facLors LhreaLenlng lL conLlnue
eg CheeLah
kare A specles wlLh a small world populaLlon
LhaL ls currenLly nelLher endangered nor
LhreaLened buL ls aL rlsk 1hese specles are
usually endemlc
eg poLLed Cwl
Indeterm|nate A specles LhaL ls
LhreaLened buL on whlch Lhere ls noL
enough lnformaLlon Lo place lL ln Lhe
approprlaLe caLegory of LxLlncL
1hreaLened vulnerable or 8are
eg whlLe llon
1hreatened A specles LhaL ls ln
lmmedlaLe danger of exLlncLlon lf Lhe
facLors LhreaLenlng lL conLlnue
eg 8lack rhlnoceros
Lndangered Spec|es of Ind|a
ked Data 8ook pub||shed by IDCN |nc|udes the ||st of
endangered spec|es of p|ants and an|ma|s
In Ind|a near|y 4S p|ant spec|es have been |dent|f|ed |n the
categor|es of endangered
Lx|stence of S mamma|s and S spec|es of b|rds |s
est|mated to be threatened wh||e an unknown number of
spec|es of |nsects are endangered
kept||es Charlal Creen ea 1urLle 1orLolse yLhon
8|rds CreaL lndlan 8usLard ellcan eacock CreaL lndlan
Pornblll lberlan WhlLe Crane
r|mates noo|ock |bbon L|on ta||ed Macaque N||g|r| Langur Capped Monkey
o|den Monkey
|ants Number of spec|es of Crch|ds khododendrons Med|c|na| p|ants ||ke
ouvo/fio 5erpentino the sanda| wood tree 5onto/um cycus 8edoni etc
Carn|vores lndlan Wolf 8ed lox loLh 8ear 8ed anda 1lger Leopard
Lrlped Pyena lndlan Llon Colden CaL uugong
ooIogicaI Survey of ndia reported that Cheetah, Pink headed
uck and mountain QuaiI have aIready become extinct from ndia.
Lndem|c Spec|es of Ind|a
lndla has Lwo 8lodlverslLy PoL poLs and Lhus possesses a large number of
endemlc specles
lndlan ubconLlnenL has abouL 62 endemlc flora resLrlcLed malnly Lo
Plmalayas khasl Pllls and WesLern ChaLs
lndlan endemlc flora lncludes Crchlds and specles llke 5optlo nlmoloyooo
uvotlo lltlJo Nepeotbes kboslooo leJlcolotls pettotet eLc
1he WesLern ChaLs are parLlcularly rlch ln ompblbloos and teptlles
AbouL 62 amphlblans and 30 llzards are endemlc Lo wesLern ghaLs
ulfferenL specles of ,ooltot llzotJs (votooos) etlcoloteJ lytboo ooJ
loJloo 5olomooJot ooJ vlvlpotoos 1ooJ (Nectopbtyoe) are some
lmporLanL specles of our counLry
Common PIant Species
Teak, Sal, Mango, Ficus sp, Neem,
Tamarind, abul, Zizyphus, Jamun,
Tendu, Jackfruit, Flame of the forest
(utea monosperma), oral tree
(Erythrina), Amla, Dipterocarps,
Quercus (Oak), !ine, amboo,
ycas, oconut, Orchids, Drosera,
Lotus, Grasses,.
Common AnimaIs Species
Mammals, irds,
Reptiles, Amphibia,
nvertebrates, Marine life.
Conservat|on of 8|od|vers|ty
1he enormous value of 8lodlverslLy due Lo Lhelr generlc
commerclal medlcal aesLheLlc ecologlcal and opLlonal
lmporLance emphaslzes Lhe need Lo conserve 8lodlverslLy
1wo approaches Lo 8lodlverslLy ConservaLlon
ln 5itu Conservat|on 1he proLecLlon of wlld llfe flora and fauna
ln naLure lLself Lg 8losphere 8eserves naLlonal arks
ancLuarles 8eserve loresLs eLc
5itu Conservat|on 1hls ls done by esLabllshmenL of gene
banks seed banks zoos boLanlcal gardens culLure collecLlons
eLc
CnslLe conservaLlon" lL ls Lhe process of proLecLlng
an endangered planL or anlmal specles ln lLs naLural
hablLaL elLher by proLecLlng or cleanlng up Lhe
hablLaL lLself or by defendlng Lhe specles from
predaLors
Lg ConservaLlon of agrlculLural blodlverslLy ln agro
ecosysLems by farmers especlally Lhose uslng
unconvenLlonal farmlng pracLlces
n Situ Conservation
8eneflL Lo loslto conservaLlon
lL malnLalns recoverlng populaLlons ln Lhe surroundlng where
Lhey have developed Lhelr dlsLlncLlve properLles
Pelps ensure Lhe ongolng processes of evoluLlon and
adapLaLlon wlLhln Lhelr envlronmenLs
Wlldllfe and llvesLock conservaLlon
ln lndla (4 of geographlc area)
7 ma[or 8losphere 8eserves
80 naLlonal arks
420 WlldLlfe ancLuarles and
120 boLanlcal gardens
iosphere Reserves
onserve some representative ecosystems as a whole for
long term 389:conservation.
1. Nanda Devi,
2. Nokrek Manas,
3. Sunderbans,
4. Gulf of Mannar,
. Nilgiri,
6. Great Ncobars and
. Similipal
Monarch 8uLLerfly 8losphere 8eserve Mexlco
Integrated rotected Area System (IAS%
1he classlflcaLlon and admlnlsLraLlon of all deslgnaLed roLecLed Areas
Lo malnLaln essenLlal ecologlcal processes llfesupporL sysLems
Lo preserve geneLlc dlverslLy
Lo ensure susLalnable use of resources found Lhereln
Lo malnLaln Lhelr naLural condlLlons Lo Lhe greaLesL exLenL
lndla has only 3 of land ln lLs 389 roLecLed Areas ln 2004
W||d||fe Sanctuar|es and Nat|ona| arks of Ind|a
389 roLecLed Areas ln lndla
1hey lnclude a varleLy of ecosysLems and hablLaLs
ome have been creaLed ln order Lo proLecL hlghly
endangered specles of wlld planLs and anlmals found
nowhere else ln Lhe world
89 are naLlonal arks
300 Wlldllfe ancLuarles
Notiono/ Pork
An area dedlcaLed for Lhe conservaLlon of wlldllfe along
wlLh lLs envlronmenL
Alms aL conservaLlon speclflcally of some parLlcular specles
of wlldllfe along wlLh oLhers
Ln[oymenL Lhrough Lourlsm wlLhouL lmpalrlng Lhe
envlronmenL
1o provlde safe havens for Llgers where Lhey could flourlsh as a specles and
hopefully reverse Lhe sLarLllng decllne ln Lhelr populaLlon
lncorporaLed ln 1972 aL Lhe uhlkala loresL 8esL Pouse ln CorbeLL naLlonal ark
wlLh 9 Llger reserves ln an area of 16339 sqkm whlch has lncreased Lo 37761
sqkm ln 28 1lger 8eserves
Project Tiger in ndia
(WorId Wide und for ature)
!roject Tiger Reserves in India
- Bandhavgarh
- Bandipur
- Bhadra
- Buxa
- Corbett
- Dampa
- Dudhwa
- Indravati
- Valmiki
- Kalakad-Mundanthurai
- Kanha
- Manas
- Melghat
- Nagarjunasagar
- Namdapha
- Palamau
- Panna
- Pench (MP)
- Pench (Maharashtra)
- Periyar
- Ranthambhore
- Sariska
- Similipal
- Sundarbans
- Tadoba-Andhari
Some Nat|ona| arks |n Ind|a
8andlpur naLlonal ark Aslan LlephanLs and Caurs karnaLaka
8andhavgarh ark 1lgers Leopards 8ears M
CorbeLL naLlonal ark 1lgers Leopards Crocodlles uLLaranchal
kanha naLlonal ark 1lgers Leopards 8ears M
8anLhambor naLlonal ark 1lgers Leopards 8ears 8a[asLhan
kazlranga naLlonal ark 8hlnos 1lgers Leopards Assam
Manas naLlonal ark 1lgers 8hlnos LlephanLs Assam
8oyal ChlLwan ark CnePorned 8hlno 8oyal 8engal 1lger nepal
8oyal 8ardla ark 8engal 1lger Wlld LlephanL CnePorned
8hlnoceros
nepal
ulLanpur naLlonal ark MlgraLory 8lrds klngflshers 8lue 8ulls Paryana
undarban naLlonal ark 8engal 1lger 8ldley ea 1urLle WesL 8engal
Ji/dLife 5onctuories
roLecLed areas where kllllng hunLlng shooLlng or capLurlng
of wlldllfe ls prohlblLed excepL under Lhe conLrol of hlghesL
auLhorlLy
rlvaLe Cwnershlp rlghLs are permlsslble and foresLry
operaLlons are also permlLLed Lo an exLenL LhaL do noL affecL
Lhe wlldllfe adversely
Periyar WildliIe Sanctuary
Some W||d||fe Sanctuar|es |n Ind|a
8haraLpur 8lrd ancLuary 230 specles of blrds 8a[asLhan
8haraLpur Wlld llfe
ancLuary
ambar ChlLal nllgal 8oar
MlgraLory 8lrds
8a[asLhan
erlyar Wlld Llfe ancLury LlephanLs 1lger nllglrl 1ahr
nllglrl Langur
kerala
Clr Wlldllfe ancLuary AslaLlc Llons Leopards
Chowslngha
Cu[araL
rlsallam Wlld llfe
ancLury
Andra radesh 1lger Leopard
loLh bear
arlska ancLuary 1lgers Leopards Wlld uogs 8a[asLhan
5itu conservotion
Conservation oI components oI biological diversity or protecting
an endangered species oI plant or animal outside their natural
habitats, in a careIully controlled situation, is reIerred to as Ex-
situ conservation.
by removing part oI the population Irom a threatened habitat
and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or
within the care oI humans.
There are situations in which an endangered species is so close to
extinction that unless alternate methods are instituted, the species
may be rapidly driven to extinction.
E.g., For conservation oI crop varieties, the wild relatives oI
crops and all the local varieties
Main objective oI conserving the total genetic variability oI the
crop species Ior Iuture crop improvement programs.
In India, successIul Ex Situ conservation
all species oI crocodiles.
very rare pygmy hog in Gauhati zoo.
rare Manipur brow antlered deer in Delhi zoo
Biodiversity Conservation
n 8itu Ex 8itu
Protected area
network
8eed bank,
Gene bank,
8acred
plants in
home garden
Botanical
gardens
Zoological
gardens
Aquarium
8acred groves
8acred lakes
Biosphere
Reserve
National Parks
Wild 8anctuaries
Terrestrial Aquatic
1he Internat|ona| ear of 8|od|vers|ty
Take Action in 2010 and beyond, because
Biodiversity is Iife
Biodiversity is our Iife
Cb[ect|ves of I8
8alse awareness of Lhe lmporLance of conservlng blodlverslLy for human well
belng and promoLe undersLandlng of Lhe economlc value of blodlverslLy
Lnhance publlc knowledge of Lhe LhreaLs Lo blodlverslLy and means Lo
conserve lL
Lncourage organlzaLlons (and Lhrough Lhem lndlvlduals) Lo Lake dlrecL or
lndlrecL blodlverslLy conservaLlon acLlvlLles
What |s b|od|vers|ty?
8lodlverslLy slmply means Lhe varleLy of llfe lL lncludes all
llvlng Lhlngs from Lhe smallesL flea Lo Lhe blggesL Lree ?ou wlll
see blodlverslLy everywhere ln Lhe vale ln Lown gardens and
wlndow boxes woods roadsldes open counLryslde rlvers
and coasL

Why |s b|od|vers|ty |mportant?

8lodlverslLy ls crlLlcal Lo our survlval We depend on lL for
almosL everyLhlng food fuel cloLhlng bulldlng maLerlals and
medlclnes Lo name buL a few 8lodlverslLy ls also very
lmporLanL Lo our quallLy of llfe
1he crlLlcally endangered Ararlpe Manakln
AnLllophla bokermannl (lefL) whlch ls
decllnlng owlng Lo ongolng hablLaL clearance
for agrlculLure wlLhln lLs Llny range ln 8razll
and Lhe crlLlcally endangered poonbllled
andplper Lurynorhynchus pygmeus from Asla
(rlghL) hoLograph ChalwaL ChlnuparawaL
and Andy Clll wash
Wllllngness (and ablllLy) Lo pay ls Lhe foundaLlon of Lhe economlc Lheory of value 1he ldea ls lf someLhlng
ls worLh havlng Lhen lL ls worLh paylng for 1he ldea exLends Lo envlronmenLal resources llke waLer quallLy
and naLural resources llke Lrees 1he key assumpLlon ls LhaL envlronmenLal values are anLhropogenlc
WhaLever people Lhlnk Lhe envlronmenL ls worLh ls whaL lL ls worLh Lconomlc meLhods can be used Lo
aLLach esLlmaLes of wllllngness Lo pay Lo changes ln Lhe level of envlronmenLal quallLy and naLural
resource use
LnvlronmenLallsLs and naLural sclenLlsLs Lend Lo dlsllke Lhls ldea slnce people are ugly dlrLy crass and
never saLlsfled (an assumpLlon of Lhe neoclasslcal Lheory of value ls more ls beLLer) AbouL a decade ago
a group of ecologlcal economlcs challenged Lhls concepL of value ln Lhelr paper 1he value of Lhe Worlds
LcosysLem ervlces and naLural CaplLal
Pere ls Lhe absLracL
1he servlces of ecologlcal sysLems and Lhe naLural caplLal sLocks LhaL produce Lhem are crlLlcal Lo Lhe
funcLlonlng of Lhe LarLhs llfesupporL sysLem 1hey conLrlbuLe Lo human welfare boLh dlrecLly and
lndlrecLly and Lherefore represenL parL of Lhe LoLal economlc value of Lhe planeL We have esLlmaLed Lhe
currenL economlc value of 17 ecosysLem servlces for 16 blomes based on publlshed sLudles and a few
orlglnal calculaLlons lor Lhe enLlre blosphere Lhe value (mosL of whlch ls ouLslde Lhe markeL) ls esLlmaLed
Lo be ln Lhe range of u$1634 Lrllllon (1012) per year wlLh an average of u$33 Lrllllon per year 8ecause
of Lhe naLure of Lhe uncerLalnLles Lhls musL be consldered a mlnlmum esLlmaLe Clobal gross naLlonal
producL LoLal ls around u$18 Lrllllon per year
keg|ona| 8|od|vers|ty
Iour types based upon the|r spat|a| d|str|but|on
o|nt k|chness number of spec|es that can be found at a
s|ng|e po|nt |n a g|ven space
A|pha k|chness number of spec|es found |n a sma||
homogeneous area
8eta k|chness rate of change |n spec|es compos|t|on
across d|fferent hab|tats
amma k|chness rate of change across |arge |andscape
grad|ents
1) species introductions
2) regionaI changes in species composition or
gene pooIs
) physicaI and chemicaI aIterations of habitats
) IocaI aIterations to communities through
) Species introductions transport or migrations);
) habitat changes due to changes in production,
temperature, turbuIence, sedimentation, sea-
IeveI change, circuIation); and
) physioIogicaI impacts.
uman activities and
natural forcing