GENERAL DIVISIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERIZED BY AN ATTEMPT TO MASTER NEW PROBLEMS AND NEW MEDIUMS AND ALSO AN EFFORT TO FIND AN EXPRESSION FOR A NEW MATERIAL

ARCHAIC PERIOD

PERIOD OF DECADENCE

CHARACTERIZED WITH LESS STRUCTURAL AND TOO ORNATE STRUCTURES AND IT IS MARKED BY THE DECLINE OF ART AND THE BEGINNING OF THE END.

PERIOD OF MASTERY
DISCOVERY OF THE ARTISTS IN CONDITIONING THE MEDIUM AND PERFECTING HIS TECHNIQUES AND PERFORMANCE. LATER PART OF GREEK, ROMAN, BYZANTINE, ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC.

Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of the use of form, techniques, materials, time period, region and other stylistic influences. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture. It would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the design and construction of these structures. Hence, architectural style is a way of classifying architecture that gives emphasis to characteristic features of design.

CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL STYLES

STRUCTURAL (CREATIVE: EGYPTIAN TO GOTHIC)

POST AND LINTEL ARCH AND VAULT

IMITATIVE (DECORATIVE: RENAISSANCE)

POST AND LINTEL ARCUATED

REVIVAL
CONSISTED OF MIXTURE OF CLASSICAL, ROMANESQUE, GOTHIC AND RENAISSANCE

NON HISTORICAL STYLES

CONTEMPORARY (MODERNISM)
BASED ON THE THEORY THAT FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

TRADITIONAL MODERNISM THAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS BASED ON A PRIMARY CONSIDERATION OF FUNCTION , BUT WITH A RESERVATION THAT A HISTORICAL STYLE MAY BE USED AS A BASIS FOR THE DESIGN.

DECORATIVE FUNCTIONALISM
BEGINS WITH THE INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN BUT INTEGRATES DECORATION, WHICH GROWS FROM THE STRUCTURE IN THE FORM OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS TOGETHER WITH TEXTURE, COLORS, CARVING AND RHYTHMIC ARRANGEMENT OF ACCENTS.

NON-TRADITIONAL MODERNISM THAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS NOT BASED ON ANY OF THE HISTORICAL STYLE.

PURE FUNCTIONALISM
APPROACHES ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SCIENCE AND INTERPRETS THE MACHINE AGE
REFERENCE TO THE FOLLOWING: ECONOMY OF COST SPEED OF ERECTION EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION REDUCING THE STRUCTURE TO ITS BAREST ESSENTIALS

20th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

ECCLECTICISM
It is usually applied to any building that incorporates a mixture of historical styles Exponents
1. 2. USA Henry Richardson/Louis Sullivan BRITAIN Augustus Pugin/George Gilbert Seatle/Norman Richard Shaw/Alfred Waterhouse FRANCE Violet Le Duc GERMANY Godfried Semper

3. 4.

Structuralism
Refers to the iron construction and other large scale engineering style of structure Initiators: Joseph Paxton

Monumentalism
This architecture was based on a general notion that the form of an object should last and the structure should stand out. Exponents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Karl Friedrich Schinkel Peter Behrenz Hanz Poelzig Le Corbusier Mies Van Der Rohe Tony Garnier Auguste Perret

National Romanticism
A style which adopts particular, local, historical motifs and devices as well as the associated/associative aspects of the historical periods. Exponents:
1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

Glasgow Charles Rennie Mackintosh Finland Eliel Saarinen/Lars Sonck/Gllen Kallela Britain Norman Shaw/Charles Voysey Spain Antonio Gaudi Germany Paul Donatz/Albert Speer

Radicalism
Radical changes or shifts in emphasis from the buildings of the past design of structures which required the needs if modern life Exponents:
1. Walter Gropius 2. Henry Van de Velde

Constructivism
Architecture which pleads for ideas on form and space in architecture (anthropometrics and ergonomics) Exponents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Naum Gabo Vladimir Tatlin Kasimir Melvitch Mart Sham El Ussitzky James Stirlin Antoine Pevsner Marcel Breuer

Constructivism (1920s and early 1930s)

design began with construction
Buildings emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts. Constructivist architecture combined engineering and technology with political ideology. Constructivist architects tried to suggest the idea of humanity's collectivism through the harmonious arrangement of diverse structural elements. Constructivist buildings have many of these features:
Glass and steel Machine-made building parts Technological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens Abstract geometric shapes A sense of movement

Expressionalism
Term used to describe the work of these architects who prefigured in the international and functionalist period of the modern movement. Exponents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Erich Mendelsohn Walter Gropius Mies Van Der Rohe Hanz Belzig Bruno Paut Finsterun Hans Scharcon

Futurism
Refers to the architect of calculation, of audacity and simplicity. The architecture if reinforced concrete of iron, glass and all those substitute for wood, stone and brick which makes possible maximum elasticity and lightness. Exponent:
1. Antonio Sant Ella

Neo Plasticism
Relates to the theory of pure plastic art, very much used among Dutch architects Exponents:
1. Theo Van Doesburg Founder: De Stijl 2. Cor Van Esteren

Bauhaus Style
Founder: Walter Gropius Concept: Different styles, furniture, posters Design methods in consumer products ranging from furniture to poster and all over the world. Last architect: Mies Van Der Rohe

CIAM and INTERNATIONAL MODERNISM

CIAM Congres International D Architecture Modernism International Style Standard Style of Architecture Trend: House Design Character:
1. 2. 3. Cubic White Surface Flat Roof Architecture

Organicism
Organic Architecture nature of Frank Lloyd Wright The whole structure should blend with the environment Examples: Prairie Houses (Informal Style of Planning) Followers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Claude Bragbon Henry Hitchcock Hugh Harring Hans Scharoon Bruce Goff Paolo Soleri Herb Greene

Organic Architecture
Organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms.
Examples of Organic Modernism: Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he designed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City

Eero Saarinen is known for designing grand bird-like

buildings such as the TWA terminal at New York's Kennedy Airport and Dulles Airport near Washington D.C. Jorn Utzon borrowed shell-like forms for the Sydney Opera House in Australia.

Utilitarianism
Pre-fabricated Construction Examples: Housing Projects

Brutalism
Style: Exposure of all utilities of the Building and use of glass and steel
Exponent: Mies Van Der Rohe

Style: Use of exposed concrete finishes aggregates are exposed

Exponent: Le Corbusier

Brutalism
Rugged reinforced concrete construction, or Bton Brut, lead to an approach popularly known as Brutalism.
The Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier used the French phrase bton brut, or raw concrete, to describe the construction of his rough, concrete buildings. Brutalism grew out of the Bauhaus Movement and the bton brut buildings by Le Corbusier and his followers. Heavy and angular, Brutalist buildings can be constructed quickly and economically. Common features include:
Precast concrete slabs Rough, unfinished surfaces Exposed steel beams Massive, sculptural shapes

Metabolism
Meta structure Initiated by Japanese Architects Refers to the relationship of man and the environment Exponent: Kenzo Tange

Post Metabolism
Larger Scope: Relationship of the house with the city Urban Architecture

Contextualism
Blending of the new structure with old structures

Deconstructivism
Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.For examples of Deconstructivism in architecture, look at works by:
Peter Eisenman Frank Gehry Richard Meier Rem Koolhaas

Postmodernism
Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse.
Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer. Philip Johnson's At&T Headquarters is often cited as an example of postmodernism. Like many buildings in the International Style, the skyscraper has a sleek, classical facade. At the top, however, is an oversized "Chippendale" pediment. The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important books by Robert Venturi: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture and Learning from Las Vegas.

Postmodern Architects: Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown Michael Graves Philip Johnson

 One important trend in Modernist architecture is the movement toward minimalist or reductivist design. Hallmarks of Minimalism include: Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure Interior walls are eliminated Floor plans are open Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall design Minimalist in its emphasis on lines, planes, and open spaces.

Minimalism

Architects known for Minimalist designs include: Tadao Ando Luis Barragan Yoshio Taniguchi Richard Gluckman

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