EMBEDDED SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

EMBEDDED means within An Embedded system is one that has computer hardware with software. An Embedded system is a special purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls.

MEMOIRS

The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizably modern embedded system. source: The Computer History Museum

 First

mass produced embedded system was Autonetics D-17 in 1961. Microprocessor was INTEL 4004 in mid 60s.

First

In

mid 1980s Microcontrollers came and Embedded system became feasible.

CHARACTERISTICS

User Interfaces CPU Platform Tools Debugging Self-Test Start-Up

COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

A Hardware

Application Software Real time operating System (RTOS)

What Is RTOS ?
A system to provide some scheduling, memory management & a descent level of h/w subtraction.

Operation Of RTOS
power up

Boot Loading
H/W INIT

RTOS

Initialization

Application Code begins

Basic features of RTOS

Task creation on management Scheduling Synchronization Time management Memory management

Services of RTOS

Time Management Predictability Priority Management

Time Slicing

CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Small Scale Medium Scale

Sophisticated

Features of small Scale

Designed with single 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers.

Battery Operated
Little hardware n software complexities

Skills of Small Scale

Full Understanding of : Microcontrollers Digital Electronic Design Software Engg. Data Communication Control Engg. Motors and Actuators

Examples of small scale

Remote control of TV

Stepper motor control for a robotic system

Features Of Medium Scale

Designed with single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers Both Hardware n Software Complexities

Skills Of Medium Scale

Full knowledge about : Tasks & their scheduling by RTOS Co-operative & pre-emptive scheduling Inter-process communication Use of semaphores &queues Use of device drivers Handling of interrupts

Examples of Medium scale

Routers

Video games & Music systems

Bank ATM

Features of Sophisticated

Enormous Hardware n Software complexities

Used for Cutting edges application that need both h/w n s/w co-design and integration of final system

Skills of sophisticated
Both h/w & s/w engg. should have full skills in :

h/w units Basic knowledge of C RTOS & other programming tools

Examples of Sophisticated
For Wireless Communication

TAXONOMY OF ATTACKS
Based on Functional Objectives Privacy Attacks Integrity Attacks Availability Attacks Based on agents Software Attacks Side-channel Attacks Physical / invasive Attacks

Embedded System Attacks

Integrity Attacks

Privacy Attacks

Availability Attacks

Eavesdropping

Power Analysis

Virus
Fault Injection

Microprobing Timing Analysis Physical Attacks Side-Channel Attacks

Trojan Horse

Software Attacks

APPLICATIONS
Video Games Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) Consumer Electronics Household Appliances Medical Equipment Home Automation Products In Aircraft and Missiles Telescopes

CONCLUSIONS
Since it has wide application in almost every field, it has become an integral part of our day-to-day life.

Future of Embedded System

Nowadays these are making fast gateways in Areas such as:

home automation Multiple levels of Wireless Network Office machine Also access to workstations like Events, Images, Database & Sounds