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5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems 5.2 General Features 5.3 Self-Strain and Theory of Invariant Plane Strain 5.4 Thermodynamics 5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins) 5.6 Kinetics of Athermal and Isothermal Martensitic Transformations
MMAT 305 Institute of Materials Science
(a)
(b)
(c)
Electron micrographs of quenched carbon steels (same steels as in Fig. 1.6). (After Inoue and Matsuda.1) (a) 0.2% C, lath-shaped martensite( crystals contain a large number of dislocations); (b) 0.8% C, lens-shaped martensite ( crystals contain dislocations and internal twins); (c) 1.4% C, lens shaped martensite ( crystals contain many internal twins.
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Schematic diagram showing a twin plane or boundary and the adjacent atom positions (dark circles).
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{144}
~{155} ~{133} ~{122} ~{1kk} ~{1kk} {133} {111} {011} {011} Between (1-4-4) and (1-2-3)
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Interior of a martensite crystal (in an Fe 29.8% Ni alloy) having long straight dislocations.
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The habit plane (planar faces or midrib) has a definite orientation to the crystalline axes of the initial and final phases.
Partitioning of martensite in a Kovar alloy. A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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There is an orientational relationship between the lattices of the initial and final phases invariant plane strain.
A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
MMAT 305 Institute of Materials Science
5.2 General Features The martensitic crystals have a regular internal structure. Often, the martensitic plate is a polysynthetic twin (polydomain structure).
A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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Theres a definite tendency toward an orderly distribution of the plates in the formation of a new phase structure.
Self-accommodated groups of martensite plates A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features The transformation starts only at some deviation from the equilibrium between the undistorted phases. In the case of small deviations from the start of the transformation, the transformation under constant external conditions does not lead to the exhaustion of the initial phase. The growth rate of the martensitic crystals is high (104 105 cm/s) and does not display any noticeable temperature dependence.
A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
MMAT 305 Institute of Materials Science
Time dependence of martensite formation in (a) athermal and (b) isothermal martensites A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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Bain correspondence for the transformation. Possible interstitial sites for carbon are shown by crosses. To obtain the unit cell is contracted about 20% on the C axis and expanded about 12% on the a axes.
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(b) (a)
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5.4 Thermodynamics
Fe3C + (Tempering) M Martensite is metastable M (stable) MF 100 AS (Austenite Start)
M%
T 400 C
Ms
AF
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5.4 Thermodynamics
100
T 1:1 correspondence between M % and T (Thermoelastic)
M%
T Ms TE AF
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5.4 Thermodynamics
Type A: Non thermo elastic martensite Strained matrix; amount of in matrix reaches YS plastic deformation occurs, dislocation movement will start and martensite plate growth will stop. Process becomes irreversible by the generation of dislocations. Type B: Small Strains Elastic Strains Elastic Strain Energy < GB , after elastic strain energy becomes equal to GB, process stops. At lower temperature: GB will be high because of high undercooling (T) . However, plates will be smaller at small undercoolings.( GB < Elastic Strain Energy). Transformation is reversible. This is the principle for Shape memory alloys. (Ni Ti 55%, Cu Al Zn)
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5.4 Thermodynamics
Importance of SMA
One way SM
Two way SM
T2 T1 Ms
Af
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5.4 Thermodynamics
Ms Ms Mf Mf RT
Fe 1,2 % C at RT 50% M, 50% retained quenched to lower temperature (Subzero treatment) In practice: 1. Quench to RT 2. Quench in liquid nitrogen below Mf
1,2 % C%
0,7 % 100 %
50 hrs 10 hrs 1 hr
- 200
-100
0
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Midrib
2) F or m a t ion of t win s
Figure 5.5.1
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M2
b)
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2
D 1 H
c)
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2
D 1 H
Figure 5.5.3
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F*
M1
Variant 1 (Domain)
M2
Variant 2 (Domain) M2 T Polytwin Polytwin Structure within the platelets
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[001]
c
[010] [100]
The three domains (or orientational variants) of the product martensite phase. Initial cubic austenite phase is shown at the center as a reference.
a2
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(1) [001]
(1,3)
(1,2)
[010]
[100]
(3)
(2) (2,3)
Relaxation of internal stresses via polydomain (polytwin) formation. The domains are related to each other via the invariant plane.
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[001]
[100] [010]
The invariant plane between domains 1 (white) and 2 (gray) is the (110) plane. If the domains are brought together on this plane, they will match each other perfectly resulting in a completely coherent and stressfree interface.
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[100]
h
[001]
Tilting of domains due to the tetragonality of the martensite phase. The tetragonality is highly exaggerated.
[100]
Structure
h D D
The edge effects as well as the macrostresses can be relieved if the twins of the twins can form. However, this results in a very high interfacial energy contribution and it is not energetically favorable in systems with mobile dislocations.
[001]
[010]
[100]
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+
0
E
_
Superelastic effect in SMAs is based on reversible domain wall motion in response to an external applied stress.
Piezoelectric (magnetostrictive) effect in ferroelectric (ferromagnetic) materials is based on reversible domain wall motion in response to an external electric (magnetic) field.
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