PROTOZOA

Arumsari Widhi Astuti 140410090066

What are protozoa ?

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy.
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Protozoa are a varied group of single-celled

animal-like organisms belonging to the

kingdom Protista. More than 50,000 different types of protozoa have been described. Their name comes from two Greek words, protos, or "first," and zon, or

"animal."

Muscular-Skeletal of Protozoa

A protozoa has no inner or outer skeleton. They move a variety of ways.

The ameoba has a false foot that extends as it moves (pseudopodia).

The paramecium is covered with hairs (cillia).

The euglena has a whip-like tail to move (flagella).

Cilia and Flagella

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Ciliata

The Size of Protozoa

The vast majority of protozoa are microscopic, many measuring less than 1/200 millimeter. The largest, however, may reach 3 millimeters (0.1 inch) in length, large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Scientists have even discovered some fossil specimens that measured 20 millimeters (0.8 inch) in diameter.

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Whatever their size, protozoa are well known for their diversity and the fact that they have evolved under so many different conditions. One of the basic requirements of all protozoa is the presence of water. Within this limitation, they may live in the sea; in rivers, lakes, or stagnant ponds of freshwater; in the soil; and even in decaying matter. Many are solitary organisms, but some live in groups. Some are free-living, while others are attached to other organisms. Some species are parasites of plants and animals, ranging from other protozoa to humans. Many protozoa form complex, exquisite shapes, although their beauty may be overlooked because of their very small size.
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Digestion
A protozoa takes in food via the water and stores the food in sacs called vacuoles. They eat tiny algae and bacteria

The vast majority of protozoa are heterotrophic. That

is, they cannot manufacture their own food, but must obtain it by eating other organisms. A few protozoa

contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which allows

them to make their own food.
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Paramecium Feeding

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Amoeba Feeding

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Vorticella Feeding

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Nervous
A protozoa has a very low level reaction to the world around it and does not have a brain per se. They can react to light and temperature changes.
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Circulation
A protozoa has water flow in through the pores. The water contains the food and oxygen the protozoa needs.

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Respiration
A protozoa takes in oxygen through the cell membrane and gives off carbon dioxide through the cell membrane.

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Reproduction
Binary fission, the most common form of reproduction, is asexual; multiple asexual division occurs in some forms. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur in the Apicomplexa.

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Paramecium Dividing

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Life Cycle Stages

The stages of parasitic protozoa that actively feed and multiply are frequently called trophozoites; in some protozoa, other terms are used for these stages.

Cysts are stages with a protective membrane or

thickened wall. Protozoan cysts that must survive outside the host usually have more resistant walls

than cysts that form in tissues.

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Excretion
A protozoa has sacs called vacuoles that take in and get rid of water.

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Symmetry
A protozoa is usually asymmetrical.

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Coloration
A protozoa is very microscopic and is pale in color generally.

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Classification
On the basis of light and electron microscopic morphology, the protozoa are currently classified into six phyla. Most species causing human disease are members of the phyla Sacromastigophora and

Apicomplexa.

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Words to Know
Chlorophyll: A green pigment that makes possible the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to complex carbohydrates. Cilia: Tiny hairlike projections on the surface of a cell. Cyst: A stage in a protozoan's life when it is covered by a tough outer shell and has become dormant. Cytoplasm: The semifluid substance of a cell containing organelles and enclosed by the cell membrane. Dormant phase: A period in which an organism is inactive.
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 Flagella: Whiplike structures used by some organisms for movement. Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and that must, therefore, obtain their food from other organisms. Parasitism: A situation in which one organism lives in connection with and at the expense of a second organism. Protists: Members of the Kingdom Protista; primarily single-celled organisms that are not plants or animals. Pseudopods: Extensions of an organisms cytoplasm used for movement and capturing food. Symbiosis: A pattern in which two or more organism's live in close connection with each other, often to the benefit of both or all organisms.
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Protozoa have evolved mechanisms that allow them to live under a great range of environmental conditions. When these conditions are unfavorable, most species are able to enter an inactive, or dormant, phase. They secrete a thick protective outer wall that prevents them from losing water and protects the cell from extreme temperatures. This tough little package, called a cyst, may also serve as a means of dispersal (to spread widely). Cysts are carried away on the wind or on the feet of animals. Once a cyst reaches a more favorable environment, its outer wall breaks down and the cell resumes normal activity.

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Referention
Science Clarified. 2008. Protozoa. http://www.scienceclarified.com/PhPy/Protozoa.html. Diakses pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2010. Yaeger, Robert G. Protozoa. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mmed&part=A4072 . Diakses pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2010. http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/PROTOZOA.html. Diakses pada tanggal 4 Oktober 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa. Diakses pada tanggal 4 Oktober 2010. http://google.co.id

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