START REVISING HERE

Microorganisms are Very Small

Biggest FUNGI BACTERIA Smallest VIRUSES

(On a needle)

When millions of them grow in one place then you can see them

Colonies of Bacteria and Fungi growing in an agar plate. Agar jelly is their food.

Some microorganisms are Pathogenic Pathogenic means they cause diseases

Athletes foot, Thrush Smallpox , Flu Tuberculosis, Cholera Fungal Viral Bacterial
If you are infected with one of these you will show symptoms: E.g. runny nose, high temp, spots, sneezing etc.

Some diseases are caused by the things we do: Over eating, cigarettes, alcohol, drugs These are called LIFESTYLE diseases: Obesity, Heart disease, lung cancer. Remember: YOU can change your lifestyle

How do bacteria Grow? Real Fast !!!

Just give them: WARMTH FOOD WATER (Not O2)
1 cell 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 - In just 3 Hrs

------------ And it looks like this ------------Growth rate = death rate

(running out of food or too much excretory products)

Getting used to their Petri dish food supply

Rapid growth Lots of food, water, warmth and space Time

More dying than growing

So why dont we get ill all the time?

Skin stops them getting into our bodies and makes antibacterial chemicals Tears also kill them Stomach acid kills them And if that doesnt stop them WBCs will:
BURP!

Thats me, the white one

The Immune System

Its me your friendly neighbourhood white blood cell again. This is how we kill microbes 1. We find them, surround them and digest them, BURP! (phagocytosis) AND
2. Some of us make chemicals called antibodies that stick on to the outside of microbes. Each microbe has a different covering or antigens. Different antibodies recognises the shape of each different antigen. Death follows
Arghhh

Foreign blood cell being attacked

OK, but what if Im too sick and my immune system isnt stopping them?
If its a bacteria take a course of antibiotics And dont stop just because you feel better And you might experience side effects, even death!! And, they might kill all your good Microbes. SO WHAT If its a fungus it will have as much food, space and water as it wants. And what next? -- Itch Itch Scratch Scratch -And this arrow is NOT pointing at your feet Better get the bio yoghurt out Ahh, thats better

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Superbugs MRSA These are all the exactly the same thing, NASTY bacteria that cannot be killed by Antibiotics
Why are they so common? People take ABs for colds & flu People dont finish the course
click for video

Final resistant population

Its just normal variation and natural selection ALMOST FORGOT: Antibiotics dont kill VIRUSES

Ive had chickenpox, why cant I catch it again? Because your now immune to it silly 1. First Infection How does that happen?
Antibodies attach to nasty microbes & kill them WBC make antibodies I think Im dying!

2. If there is a second Infection

Me again Yeh and I remember you cos Im a memory cell

Once killed, the WBCs become memory cells which remember the microbes antigens

The differences between 1 & 2 are: 1. Antibodies are made slowly and you may feel ill before all the MOs are all killed 2. Antibodies are made really fast and you dont get ill at all. You are IMMUNE

Zap Bang Wallop!

Im dead!

This is what an Immune Response looks like

Memory cells become active Pathogen rapidly destroyed

Antibody numbers

Memory cells created here

First encounter with pathogen

Second encounter with pathogen

Vaccines & Vaccinations

A vaccination make you immune from a disease A vaccine contains either: A dead MO, parts of a MO, or a weakened MO WHY? They ALL contain the MOs antigens/markers They all lead to memory cells being made
Some Problem Microbes Flu Virus mutates rapidly (changes its antigens) HIV virus Attacks the immune system and also mutates rapidlyNASTY
MO

Original antigens

New antigens

MO

Can you describe what's happening in the picture? When you have written your 5 descriptions, check your answers on the next slide. No peeking!
5. what about memory cells? 1.

No Peeking until you have completed the first slide

1. Vaccine containing weakened, dead pathogen or parts of it. Each of these has the pathogens antigens (markers). All induce an immune response

4. Antibodies attach to the pathogens antigens (markers). They neutralise the pathogen or attract phagocytotic WB Cells

2. Sometimes there are side effects 3.White Blood cells produce antigens which match the pathogens antigens (markers)

5. Special types of White Blood Cells called memory cells are produced so when you come in contact with the real pathogen they REMEMBER IT and produce antibodies SO FAST you dont get sick; this is immunity.

Drug Safety
Taking any drug involves some risk. Side effects can be minor, severe or even cause death
Vaccinations have the same risks but the risk to the individual is outweighed by the benefits to the rest of the population.

If 95% of the public are vaccinated it stops a disease from spreading and can lead to its eradication (disappearance) Smallpox has been completely eradicated over the whole world

Testing Drugs
Drugs are tested for safety (side effects) and effectiveness (if it works) Testing involves 3 stages: On human cells (relatively cheap & quick and may indicate how safe it is) On animals (gives more information on safety and effectiveness) On people in a clinical trial (gives even more data & information)
Issues with Drug Tests Can take 10 years to get a new drug to market VERY expensive: staff & clinical trials, salaries, looking after animals, hospital & lab costs, security Ethical issues with using live animals Ethical issues with testing it on humans, especially if a placebo is involved. Must be approved & licensed by the government

Clinical (Human) Trials

Trials have to be designed scientifically to be fair & reliable tests Participants put in to two groups Participants chosen randomly (increases reliability) One group gets the drug the other no drug, (the control group) A control group allows the groups/drugs effect to be compared If its a totally new drug the control group has a placebo A placebo looks exactly like the real drug but contains no drug Placebos raise ethical issues; if the new drug may cure a serious disease and does work, people in the control group may die

The Circulatory System

The heart is made of muscle cells. Every cell needs oxygen and glucose to make energy (respiration) The blood transports oxygen and glucose to every cell Blood leaves the heart under high pressure and returns under low pressure
Veins transport blood into the heart Arteries transport blood away from the heart Coronary arteries supply heart cells with blood

Why Do Arteries and Veins Look Different?

Arteries carry blood at high pressure, thick walls prevent them bursting, elastic fibres allow them to stretch and go back to their normal shape Veins carry blood at low pressure so only need thin walls. They also have valves which prevent blood moving backwards
thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

ARTERY
thick outer layer

thin outer wall

VEIN
thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

AND FINALLY, THE LAST SLIDE

Bad Lifestyle = Increased Risk of a Heart Attack

Risk factors: Smoking, lack of exercise, high salt/fat diet & family history
1. Bad lifestyle 2. Build up of fat in artery

3. Blood flow is now reduced to the heart muscle cells

A heart attack animation

heart attack - simple version

4. Cells now starved of oxygen 5. Heart muscle cells begin to die

6. Heart attack takes place

The End

AND Dont forget to do as many past papers as you can. Check your answers using the mark schemes Good Luck