Operational Amplifiers

What is an Op amp? A multistage high-gain amplifier integrated in analysis as a separate block. The input of an op amp is a differential amplifier therefore has 2 inputs. The output is singled ended. Typically configured for a dual power supply rails (+/_V)

Op Amps (differential input)

Differential Amplifier considerations : 2 NPN, 2 PNP or 2 FETs (matched pairs) Inherent symmetry Current stability Input impedance Beta

Op amps (differential input)

D.C. considerations of Diff Amp: Emitter type bias Total current ( I T ) Input offset current and voltage Will both transistors have identical characteristics? - Differences in junction characteristics will develop variations in base and collector currents. Because the diff amp amplifies the difference potential it sees between the two inputs so too will these unwanted differences be amplified.

Op Amps (differential input)

The D.C. performance of an op amp can be measured. Input offset current (difference between both base currents) Output offset current )difference between two collector currents) Output offset voltage (difference between two collector voltages) The amount of voltage required to offset the base voltage difference is called the input offset voltage. Ideal op amp will have all three at 0.

+Vcc

IC1
Q1

RC1

RC2

IC2

RB1

Q2

RB2

IB1--> RT

<--IB2

IBT

-VEE

Op Amps (differential amplifiers)

A.C. CONSIDERATIONS Four signal circuit configurations: 1. Differential input, differential output 2. Differential input, single-ended output (most common) 3. Single-ended input, differential output 4. Single-ended input, single-ended output

Op Amps (differential amplifier)

A.C. CONSIDERATIONS Assume a single-ended input and single-ended output: The voltage output of the Q2 collector is in phase with the Q1 input. The voltage output of Q1 is out of phase with the Q1 input.
Av rc 2re' rE

The voltage seen across the two collectors will be 180 degrees apart. If we take the differential output we observe a doubling of the signal.
rc AV (re' rE )

+Vcc

RC1

RC2

Vout 2
Q1 Q2

Vout 1

RB1

RB2

S G

S
Vin2

IBT

RT

-VEE

RC1

RC2

S G

re1

re2

rE1

rE2 Rt

Op Amps (differential amplifier)

COMMON MODE In phase signals are common-mode signals Ideal op amp will suppress common-mode signals entirely with a common mode gain of 0 A real op amp will not display perfect common mode rejection Dominant causes of error are: 1. Resistor tolerance variations. 2. Transistor parameter deviation..

Op Amps (differential amplifier)

A.C. CONSIDERATIONS Assume a single-ended input and a single ended output: Voltages at both inputs that are in phase will develop out of phase collector outputs that when added will be 0. (see diagram) In summary, a differential amplifier suppresses in phase input signals and elevates out of phase input signals.

Op Amps
Common applications: Inverting amplifier Non inverting amplifier Comparators Voltage level detectors Instrumentation amplifiers.

+V
R2

R5

Q3

D1 Q1 Q2 C1 Q5 Q4 D2

Vout

Vin-

Vin+

R4

R3

-V

R1

+Vcc
7 1 5

Vin-

Vout

Vin+

+
4

-VEE

Op Amps
Attributes of an ideal op amp: Infinite gain Unlimited bandwidth Infinite input impedance Very little output impedance

Op Amps
Open loop versus closed loop configuration: =>Open loop has infinite gain (no feedback) therefore it is suitable for comparator or voltage detection applications. Why? Output can drive to a desired saturation level depending on events observed at the input. => Closed loop uses negative feedback to control gain at the cost of bandwidth.

Inverting Amplifier
Rf

VCC
7 1

Rin
2

RL

S G

+
4

-VEE

Non Inverting Amplifier

Rf

VCC
7 1

Rin
2

RL

+
4

S G

-VEE

Virtual ground