Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BASE COMPETENCE THE STUDENTS UNDERSTAND STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PLANT CELL PARTS INDICATOR The students can identify many dead parts of cell from the picture of plant cell The students can mention the function of many dead parts of cell
VACUOLES
Occupy more than 90% of the volume of most mature plant cells Vacuoles surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast It contains various organic and inorganic substances, such as sugars, proteins, organic acids, phosphatides, tannins, flavonoid pigments and calcium oxalate Some substances in the vacuole may occur in solid form and may even be crystalline In meristematic cells possess many minute vacuoles In mature cells the vacuoles enlarge form large central vacuole
INITIATION OF VACUOLES
From pre-existing vacuoles which multiply by fission, and after cell division each daughter cell receive a number of vacuoles By a de novo process, by attraction of water to a certain localized region in the cytoplasm and the formation of membrane around it From Golghi vesicles By dilatation of ER cisternae or vesicles derived from the ER
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ERGASTIC SUBSTANCES
Reserve and waste materials produced by the cell are called ergastic substances The kind of ergastic substances, consist of: 1. Starch 2. Proteins 3. Oil, fats and waxes 4. Crystals and silica bodies 5. Tannins 6. Pigmentation
STARCH
a carbohydrate composed of long chain molecules. It appears in the form of grains Starch grains are first form in chloroplasts In the other case the starch is broken down and moves as sugar to storage tissues where it is resynthesized in amyloplast
STARCH
Starch
grains commonly show layering around a point termed hillum The hillum may be centrally situated or it may be eccentric The layer termed lamella In the starch grains of cereals the number of layer corresponds to the number of days during which the grain growths
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PROTEINS
Amorphous protein is found in the outermost endosperm layer, the aleuron layer, of the caryopsis of cereals Protein in the form of cuboidal crystalloid is found in the cells of the peripheral parenchyma of potato tuber and in the fruit parenchyma of Capsicum Crystalline and amorphous protein are found together in aleurone grains in the endosperms and embryos of many seeds
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Endosperm of seed
Zea mays
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TANNINS
They are a heterogeneous group of phenol derivates In microscopically section they usually appears as granular masses or bodies colored yellow, red or brown Tannin can be found in leaves, periderm, vascular tissue, unripe fruits, seed coats, and in tissues of pathogenic growth Tannins may be found in the vacuoles or in the form of droplet in the cytoplasm Tannins are used commercially especially in the industry of the tanning of animal skins to obtain leather
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PIGMENTATION
The plant pigment usually found in the plastids and in the vacuoles The green color is due to chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplasts Carotenoids is the yellow to red pigments, are also found but they are masked by the chlorophyll, they become noticeable when there is a little or no chlorophyll
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PIGMENTATION
Flavonoids, generally present in vacuoles , water soluble, they found in flowers and fruits Anthocyanins, give red, pink, lilac and blue color In acid solution the color varies from orangered to lilac In basic solutions blue-coloured anthocyanins are form
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CELL WALL
The present of a wall in plant cell distinguishes them from animal cells The cell wall growth when in contact with the protoplast but out side of it The cell wall consist of cellulose micro fibrils The matrix of cell wall consist mainly of pectin substances and hemicelluloses
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Primary wall
Middle lamella
Secondary wall
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The growth of cell wall is a accomplished by intussusception or by apposition According to Frey-Wyssling and Stecher (1951), suggested that the primary cell wall grows in a way that has been termed mosaic growth. The fibrillar texture in certain wall areas become loosened as a result of turgor pressure and afterwards mended by deposition of new micro fibrils in the gaps Another theory termed multinet growth (Houwink and Ruelofsen, 1954). According to this theory the thickening of the primary wall is brought about by the separation of the crossed microfibrils and alteration in their orientation in the earliest formed lamellae , from being almost transverse to almost longitudinal
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NOKTAH (PIT)
Certain portion of the cell wall that remain thin even as the secondary wall is formed, called noktah or pit The pits are apparently areas through which substances pass from cell to cell Generally each pit has a complementary pit exactly opposite it in the wall of the neighboring cell
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SURFACE OF PITS
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