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Suggested Background
Generally, Financial Engineers are strong on the following fields: Statistics/Probability and PDEs Stochastic Processes C++ Programming Basic Business Finance Theory
What is a security?
A security is a fungible, negotiable instrument representing financial value. Securities are broadly categorized into debt and equity securities such as bonds and common stocks, respectively.
Rise New Capital: Depending on the pricing and market demand, securities might be an attractive option
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Debt
Debt securities may be called debentures, bonds, notes or commercial paper depending on their maturity and certain other characteristics. The holder of a debt security is typically entitled to the payment of principal and interest, together with other contractual rights under the terms of the issue, such as the right to receive certain information.
Debt securities are generally issued for a fixed term and redeemable by the issuer at the end of that term.
Equity
An equity security is a share in the capital stock of a company (typically common stock, although preferred equity is also a form of capital stock). The holder of an equity is a shareholder, owning a share, or fractional part of the issuer. Unlike debt securities, which typically require regular payments (interest) to the holder, equity securities are not entitled to any payment. Equity also enjoys the right to profits and capital gain.
Formula
The cost of capital is then given as: Kc = (1-) Ke + Kd
Where: Kc The weighted cost of capital for the firm The debt to capital ratio, D / (D + E) Ke The cost of equity Kd The after tax cost of debt D The market value of the firm's debt, including bank loans and leases E The market value of all equity (including warrants, options, and the equity portion of convertible securities) In writing: WACC = (1 - debt to capital ratio) * cost of equity + debt to capital ratio * cost of debt
Proposition
y = C0 + D/E (C0 b)
* y is the required rate of return on equity, or cost of equity. * C0 is the cost of capital for an all equity firm. * b is the required rate of return on borrowings, or cost of debt. * D / E is the debt-to-equity ratio.