Basic bluff-body aerodynamics II

Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 9 Dr. J.D. Holmes
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Pressures on prisms in turbulent boundary layer :
drag coefficient (based on U
h
) ~ 0.8
-0.20 -0.10 -0.20
-0.23 -0.18 -0.23
x x x
-0.20 -0.20
x x
x x x
Sym.about
C
L

-0.2
-
0.5
-0.8
-0.8
-0.5
-0.8
-0.6
-0.7
0.7
0.5
0.0
Wind
windward wall
side wall
roof
leeward wall
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Pressures on prisms in turbulent boundary layer :
-0.5
-0.4 to
0.49
Leeward wall
-0.5
-0.5
x -0.6
x -0.6
x
-0.6
-0.5
-0.6
-0.6
-0.7
Wind
Side wall
x 0.4
0.3 x
0.9
x
0.5 x
Windward wall
-0.6
-0.56 to
0.59
-0.6
x
x

Wind
Roof
shows effect
of velocity
profile
nearly
uniform
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Complexity due to interacting effects of surface roughness, Reynolds
Number and turbulence in the approach flow
Flow regimes in smooth flow :
Re < 2 10
5

C
d
= 1.2
Sub-critical
Laminar
boundary layer
Separation
Subcritical regime : most wind-tunnel tests - separation at about 90
o
from the
windward generator
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Complexity due to interacting effects of surface roughness, Reynolds
Number and turbulence in the approach flow
Flow regimes in smooth flow :
Supercritical : flow in boundary layer becomes turbulent -
separation at 140
o
- minimum drag coefficient
Re ~ 5 10
5

C
d
~ 0.4
Super-critical
Laminar Turbulent
Separation
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Complexity due to interacting effects of surface roughness, Reynolds
Number and turbulence in the approach flow
Flow regimes in smooth flow :
Post-critical : flow in boundary layer is turbulent - separation at
about 120
o

Re ~ 10
7

C
d
~ 0.7
Post-critical
Turbulent
Separation
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Pressure distributions at sub-critical and super-critical Reynolds Numbers
20 60 100 140
1.0


0.5

0


-0.5

-1.0


-1.5

-2.0


-2.5
U
u degrees
u
C
p

Drag coefficient mainly determined by pressure on leeward side (wake)
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Effect of surface roughness :
Increasing surface roughness : decreases critical Re - increases minimum C
d

1.2


0.8


0.4
U
b
10
4
2 4 8 10
5
2 4 8 10
6
2 4 8 10
7

k/b = 0.02
k/b = 0.007
k/b = 0.002
Sanded surface
Smooth surface
C
d

Re
increasing surface roughness
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Circular cylinders :
Effect of aspect ratio on mean pressure distribution :
Silos, tanks in
atmospheric
boundary layer

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 90 180
Angle (degrees)
h/b = 0.5
h/b = 1.0
h/b = 2.0
C
p

b
h
Decreasing h/b : increases minimum C
p
(less negative)
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Fluctuating forces and pressures on bluff bodies :
Sources of fluctuating pressures and forces :
Freestream turbulence (buffeting)
- associated with flow fluctuations in the approach flow
Vortex-shedding (wake-induced)
- unsteady flow generated by the bluff body itself
Aeroelastic forces
- forces due to the movement of the body (e.g. aerodynamic damping)
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Buffeting - the Quasi-steady assumption :
Fluctuating pressure on the body is assumed to follow the
variations in wind velocity in the approach flow :
p(t) = C
po
(1/2)
a
[U(t)]
2

C
po
is a quasi-steady pressure coefficient

Expanding :
p(t) = C
po
(1/2)
a
[U + u'(t) ]
2

= C
po
(1/2)
a
[U
2
+ 2U u'(t) + u'(t)
2
]
Taking mean values :
p = C
po
(1/2)
a
[U
2
+ o
u
2
]
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Buffeting - the Quasi-steady assumption :
Small turbulence intensities :
p ~ C
po
(1/2)
a
U
2
=C
p
(1/2)
a
U
2

i.e. C
po
is approximately equal to C
p

Fluctuating component :
p' (t) = C
po
(1/2)
a
[2U u'(t) + u'(t)
2
]
(e.g. for I
u
= 0.15, o
u
2
= 0.0225U
2
)
Squaring and taking mean values :
~ C
p
2
(1/4)
a
2
[4U
2
]= C
p
2

a
2
U
2
o
u
2

2
p
'
2
u
'
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Peak pressures by the Quasi-steady assumption :
Quasi-steady assumption gives predictions of either maximum
or minimum pressure, depending on sign of C
p

Time
p(t)
p

] U

[ (1/2) C ] U

[ (1/2) C p or p

2
a p
2
a po
~ =

Basic bluff-body aerodynamics

Vortex shedding :
On a long (two-dimensional) bluff body, the rolling up of
separating shear layers generates vortices on each side
alternately
Occurs in smooth or turbulent approach flow
may be enhanced by vibration of the body (lock-in)
cross-wind force produced as each vortex is shed
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Vortex shedding :
Strouhal Number - non dimensional vortex shedding
frequency, n
s
:
b = cross-wind dimension of body
St varies with shape of cross section
U
b n
St
s
=
circular cylinder : varies with Reynolds Number
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Vortex shedding - circular cylinder :
vortex shedding not regular in the super-critical Reynolds
Number range
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Vortex shedding - other cross-sections :
0.08
2b
2.5b
~10b
0.12
0.06
0.14
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
fluctuating pressure coefficient :
fluctuating sectional force coefficient :
2
a
2
p
U
2
1
p
C
'
=
'
b U
2
1
f
C
2
a
2
f
'
=
'
fluctuating (total) force coefficient :
A U
2
1
F
C
2
a
2
F
'
=
'
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
fluctuating cross-wind sectional force coefficient for
circular cylinder :
dependecy on Reynolds Number
10
5
10
6
10
7

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Fluctuating
side force
coefficient
C
l
'

Reynolds number, Re
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Quasi-steady fluctuating pressure coefficient :
Quasi-steady drag coefficient :
u p
2
a
2
a p
2
a
2
p
I C 2
U
2
1
u U C
U
2
1
p
C =
'
~
'
=
'
u D D
I C C 2 ~
'
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Correlation coefficient for fluctuating forces on a two-
dimensional body :
Correlation length :
2
f
2 1
2
2 1

(t) f (t) f
f
(t) f (t) f

' '
=
'
' '
=
dy y
}

=
0
) ( l
y is separation distance between sections
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Correlation length for a stationary circular cylinder
(smooth flow) :
cross-wind vibration at same frequency as vortex shedding increases
correlation length
6

4

2

0
10
4
10
5
10
6

Reynolds number,
Re
Correlation
length /
diameter
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
We require the total mean and fluctuating forces on the whole body
L
i i i
f f f ' + =
N
f
1
f
j
f
y
1
y
i
y
j
y
N
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
mean total force : F = Ef
i
oy
i

i
L
0
i
dy f
}
=
instantaneous total fluctuating force : F'(t) = E f
i
' (t) oy
i


= f
1
'(t) oy
1
+ f
2
'(t) oy
2
+ .f
N
'(t) oy
N
Squaring both sides : [F'(t)]
2
= [ f
1
'(t) oy
1
+ f
2
'(t) oy
2
+ .f
N
'(t) oy
N
]
2


= [f
1
'(t) oy
1
]
2
+ [f
2
'(t) oy
2
]
2
..+ [f
N
'(t) oy
N
]
2
+
f
1
'(t) f
2
'(t) oy
1
oy
2
+ f
1
'(t) f
3
'(t) oy
1
oy
3
+...

j i j
N
j
i
N
i
y y (t) f (t) f ' ' =

Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
Taking mean values :
As oy
i
, oy
j
tend to zero :
writing the integrand (covariance) as :

j i
N
j
j i
N
i
y y t f t f F o o

' ' = ' ) ( ) (
2
j i j i
L L
dy dy t f t f F ) ( ) (
0 0
2
' ' = '
} }
) ( ) ( ) (
2
j i j i
y y f t f t f ' = ' '
j i
L
j i
L
dy dy y y t f F
} }
' = '
0 0
2
2
) ( ) (
This relates the total mean square fluctuating force to the sectional force

Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
Introduce a new variable (y
i
- y
j
) :
Special case (1) - full correlation, (y
i
-y
j
) = 1 :
fluctuating forces treated like static forces

mean square fluctuating force is proportional to the correlation length -
applicable to slender towers

) y d(y ) y (y dy f F
j i
y L
y -
j i
L
0
j
2
2
j
j
' = '
} }

2
2
2
L (t) f F ' = '
Special case (2) - low correlation, correlation length l is much less than L :
l 2 ) y d(y ) y (y ) y d(y ) y (y
j i
-
j i j i
y L
y -
j i
j
j
= ~
} }

l L.2 (t) f F
2
2
' = '
Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
Symmetric about diagonal since (y
j
-y
i
) = (y
i
-y
j
). Along the diagonal,
the height is 1.0
The double integral : is represented by the
volume under the graph :
j i
L
0
j i
L
0
dy dy ) y (y
} }

On lines parallel to the diagonal, height is constant


0
0.5
1
1
S1
y
i

y
j

Basic bluff-body aerodynamics
Total fluctuating force on a slender body :
Consider the contribution from the slice as shown :
Length of slice = (L-z)\2
z/\2
oz /\2
L
y
i
-y
j
=0
y
i
-y
j
= z
y
j

y
i

Volume under slice = (z)(L-z)\2
2
z
Total volume =
}

L
0
dz z) (z)(L 2
}
' = '
L
0
2
2
dz z) (z)(L 2 . f F
(reduced to single integral)


End of Lecture 9

John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu