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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (WORK DURING VOLUME CHANGE)

GROUP MEMBERS : NORHIDAYAH BT MOHD AMIN NUR HAFIZAH BT ABDUL HADI
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INTRODUCTION

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The first law of thermodynamics is a conservation of energy statement for thermodynamics system that exchange energy with the surrounding. states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but may only be changed from one to another. The discussion is restricted to ideal gases and systems with constant mass. quantity of heat, Q added to the system and the work performed by the system, W. As such, thermodynamic work is a generalization of the concept ofmechanical workin mechanics. theSIsystem of measurement, work is measured injoules (symbol: J)

It

The

In

Work during volume change

Gas

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in a cylinder with a moveable piston.

 The

pressure, p, acting on the surface of the piston produces a force, F, equal topA. During the change in volume, this force does some work. work done by this force is W =Fs = pA .s

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The

but

As is thechangein the volume occupied by the gas,V. Therefore

When

the volume of a gasincreases, work is donebythe gas. When the volume of a gasdecreases, work is doneon the gas by an external force.

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USE CONCEPT OF CALCULUS TO Suppose the gas is contained in a cylinder and FIND WORK DURING VOLUME held at volume V under a pressure p by a very CHANGE light frictionless piston area A.
When

the gas expands a small amount it pushes the piston back a small distance ds against the pressure and does amount of work dW. work done is equal to the force exerted by the gas on the piston is the pressure p times the area A of the piston, pA and the distance through which it acts is ds. The work done is therefore,

The

 but

A.ds is the change in volume which occurs when the piston moves through the distance ds and this is dv. Hence, distance ds and therefore the volume change dv are taken small, because the pressure changes considerably in large motion. the gas expand from a volume to a considerably larger volume , the total work done is the sum of all the small amounts of work such as dW.

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the

When

dW= p dv

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p
p
1

P
2

V
1

V
2

Total

work in expanding from V1 to V2 is the area under the p-V curve from V1 to V2 . This is analogy of a spring where the work to compress the spring is the area under the curve of F vs x.

dW = pdV W=
The

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pressure depends on pV = nRT. At constant temperature the system follows p-V curve. Writing p in terms of V W= = nRT = nRT

= nRT = nRT ( ln V2 V1 ) = nRT ln

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Since the gas is expanding at constant temperature, it is moving along an isotherm (T=constant) line, so p1V1 = p2V2, and another expression for work is

W = nRT ln

example 1
A

gas at constant pressure of 4.0 x 105 Pa is cooled so that its volume decreases from 1.6 m3 to 1.2 m3. What work performed by the gas?

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SOLUTION 1, Use formula Since pressure is a constant, the work performed is from equation, = 4.0 x 105 Pa (-0.4 m3)
work was done on the system by external force)

= - 1.6 x 105 J ( negative sign indicates that

Use calculus method, W=

=

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= - 1.6 X 105 J

Example 2
Two

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moles of an ideal gas maintained at 200 C expand until the pressure is half the original. How much work is done by the gas.

SOLUTION 2

W=

= = = =
Since

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the gas remains at constant temperature, it goes from one state to the other along an isotherm, p1V1 = p2V2, When P1 = 1/2 P2

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W= = = 4863.8 ln 2 = 3371 J

Example 3

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Consider the following two-step process. Heat is allowed to flow out of an ideal gas at constant volume so that its pressure drops from 2.2 atm to 1.4 atm. Then the gas expands at constant pressure, from a volume of 6.8 L to 9.3 L, where the temperature reaches its original value. Calculate the total work done by the gas in the process,

SOLUTION 3
The

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total work done is the sum of the work done in each step. Work done on the gas is given by the integral the the volume does not change in first step, no work is done on the gas W = 0 second step gas expands at constant pressure, so the work integral simplifies to

Since

In

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W= = = = 141855 (0.0093 0.0068)

= 141855 (2.5 X 10^-3) = 354.6 Pa.m3 = 354.6 J

So the total work in the two-step process is: W = W + W = 0J + 355.6J = 355.6J

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Sekian terima kasih.. Good luck final!!

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