Aromatic chemistry and Toluene

For HS(12) C-32(part-2)

Wurtz-Fittig reaction

Equal moles of aryl halide and alkyl halide dissolved in dry ether when reacts with Na

produces alkyl benzene

Cl Dry ether + 2Na + Cl-CH3 CH3

+ 2NaCl

Disadvantage : biaryl and alkanes are side products

Ar-X + 2Na + X-Ar dry ether Ar-Ar + 2NaX

R-X + 2Na + X-R

dry ether

R-R + 2NaX

Using Grignard reagent

When phenyl magnesium bromide/iodide reacts with methyl bromide/iodide in dry ether produces toluene
MgBr Dry ether + CH3Br CH3 + MgBr2

Benzyl magnesium chloride on hydrolysed by dil HCl Produces toluene

CH2MgCl dil HCl CH3 + MgCl2
3

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
In Friedel-Crafts alkylation, treatment of benzene with an alkyl halide and a Lewis acid (AlCl3) forms an alkyl benzene( when R = -CH3, toluene forms)
CH3 + CH3Cl Anh AlCl3

Polyalkylation is the main disadvantage of this reaction.

From tolueic acid & p-toluidine

CH3 + NaOH CaO Heat CH3

COONa Sodium salt of tolueic acid

CH3 HCl/NaNO2 00C NH2 p-toluidine

CH3 H3PO2

CH3

N=NCl

Physical properties

1.Insoluble in water

2.Soluble in alcohol in ether

3.Lighter than water

4.Used as solvent

Chemical properties-chlorination

-CH3 gr is ortho para orienting, so CH3 directs o/p

position for incoming group.

(a) Ring chlorination (b) side chain chlorination
CH3 (a) + Cl2 o-chloro toluene Fe dust CH3 CH3 Cl +

Cl

p-chloro toluene

Ring chlorination should be done at ordinary temperature in pr of halogen carrier I2 or anh AlCl3 7 or FeCl3 of Fe dust

Bromination

Bromine reacts similar way that of chlorine

CH3 + Br2 Fe or FeBr3

CH3 Br +

CH3

Br

Sidechain chlorination

Condition : boiling toluene or in pr of UV light

Reaction : H atoms in CH3 gr substituted by Cl

atom one by one.to form benzyl chloride, benzal chloride and benzotrichloride.
CH3 Cl2 110 C
0

CH2Cl Cl2 1100C

CHCl2 Cl2 1100C

CCl3

Hydrolysis of side chain chlorinated product

Benzyl chloride on hydrolysis gives benzylalcohol, benzalcloride gives benzaldehyde and benzo tri chloride gives benzoic acid.
CH2Cl + NaOH CH2OH

OH CHCl2 + Ca(OH)2 H C OH -H2O

CHO

OH CCl3 + Ca(OH)2 H2O 1500C HO C OH

- H 2O

COOH

10

Side chain bromination

CH3 NBS(1 mole) sunlight

CH2Br

11

Nitration of toluene

At ordinary condition 1:1 mixture of conc HNO3 and

conc H2SO4 react with toluene to form orto and para

nitro toluene
CH3 conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 CH3 NO2 + CH3

When the above mixture is heated at 60-800C it gives 2,4-dinitro toluene

NO2

12

Preparation of TNT

At ordinary condition 1:1 mixture of fuming HNO3

and fuming H2SO4 react with toluene to form 2,4,6

trinitro toluene
CH3 fuming HNO3 fuming H2SO4 NO2 TNT O2N CH3 NO2

Mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate is known as amatol

13

Sulphonation

Toluene when heated with conc sulphuric acid

produces ortho and para toluene sulphonic acid.

CH3 conc H2SO4 CH3 SO3H + CH3

Heat
SO3H

Ortho product predominates at lower temp but para product predominates at higher temperature.

14

Friedel craft reaction

Toluene when reacted with methyl chloride and anh

AlCl3, ortho xylene and para xylene form

CH3 CH3Cl anh AlCl3 CH3 CH3 CH3 + CH3

15

Oxidation of toluene

(i) Etard reaction : Toluene when oxidised by chromyl

chloride in CS2 of CCl4 at room temperature produces a

complex which subsequently hydrolysed to form benzaldehyde.
CH3 (i) CrO2Cl2 (ii) H2O CHO + H2O

16

Oxidation of toluene

(ii) chromic acid in acetic anhydride oxidises toluene into

benzaldehyde which immediately conveted to

benzylidine di acetate which hydrolysed by dil H2SO4 produces benzaldehyde
OCOCH3 CH3 CrO3 (CH3CO)2O CH OCOCH3 dil H2SO4 CHO + 2CH3COOH

Benzylidine di acetate prevents the oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid

17

Oxidation of toluene

(iii) Toluene when reacted with MnO2 + moderately conc

H2SO4 at 400C produces benzaldehyde

CHO MnO2 H2SO4

CH3

+ MnSO4 + H2O

If acid is concentrated and temperature is high , the product of the above reaction will be benzoic acid.

18

Oxidation of toluene

(iv) Toluene when reacted with alkaline KMnO4 or acidic

K2Cr2O7 produces benzoic acid

CH3 KMnO4 NaOH COONa H+ COOH

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

We can also use air passed over V2O5(cat) at 3000C with 19 toluene vapour produces benzoic acid

Hydrogenation of toluene

Toluene vapours when reacted with H2 passed over

finely devided Ni ( cat) at 180-2000C forms methyl

cyclohexane.

CH3 + 3H2 Ni 2000C

CH3

20

Aromatic chemistry and Chlorobenzene

For HS(12) C-32(part-2)

21

preparation of chlorobenzene

In presence of Fe or FeCl3 at ordinary temperature, benzene reacts with chlorine gas to form chlorobenzene
Cl Cl2 Fe or FeCl3 + HCl

In presence of excess chlorine o- and p- dichloro benzene results

22

Indutrial method(Rasching process)

In industry, chlorobenzene is prepared by passing a mixture of benzene vapour, HCl and air over Cu2O as catalyst at 2500C

Cl HCl 1/2 O2, Cu2O 2500C + H2O

23

From benzene diazonium chloride

Benzene diazonium chloride disolved in HCl when heated with cuporus chloride produces chlorobenzene
NH2 NaNO3+ HCl 00C N=N-Cl CuCl/HCl Cl + N2 + HCl

Second step of the above reaction is known as Sandmeyer reaction.

24

Other preparations:
OH + PCl5

Cl + POCl3 + HCl

Cl + HOCl H+ + H2O

25

The Low Reactivity of Halobenzenes The p orbital on the carbon atom of the benzene ring side-way overlaps with the p orbital of halogen atom form a delocalized bonding system

26

The Low Reactivity of Halobenzenes The CX bond of halobenzenes is stronger than that of haloalkanes partial bond character Breaking of the CX bond requires a larger amount of energy substitution reactions of halobenzenes are difficult to occur

27

Replacement by OH group

At 3000C and 300 atm pressure chlorobenzene reacts with NaOH to form sodium phenate which on acidification produces phenol
Cl + 2NaOH 3000C 300 atm ONa dil HCl OH

28

Replacement by NH2 and CN gr

Cl

Or KNH2 in liq NH3 at -330C

NH2.HCl NaOH

NH2

+ 2NH3

Cu2O 2000C, 60 atm CN

CuCN Pyridine, 200 C

0

+ CuCl

29

Nitration reaction

At 1000C chlorobenzene react with a mixture of conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4 to form a mixture of o-and pchloronitrobenzene
Cl conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 1000C NO2 Cl NO2 + Cl

30

Halogenation and sulphonation

Cl Cl2 Fe or FeCl3

Cl Cl +

Cl

Cl Cl conc H2SO4 SO3H + SO3H Cl

600C
O- and p- chlorobenzene sulphonic acid
31

F.C. alkylation & acylation

Cl anh + CH3Cl AlCl3 Cl CH3 + o- and p- chlorotoluene Cl

CH3 Cl CH3COCl anh AlCl3 COCH3 + o- and p- chloroactophenone Cl

COCH3
32

Preparation of DDT

DDT is produced when a mixture of chlorobenzene and chloral is heated with conc H2SO4
Cl H 2 + O=C-CCl3 Cl H C CCl3

Cl DDT
33

Preparation of biphenyl

Cl + 2Na ether + 2NaCl (Wurtz reaction)

I + Cu + CuI2 (Ullmann reaction)

34

Wurtz-Fittig reaction

Equal moles of aryl halide and alkyl halide dissolved in dry ether when reacts with Na

produces alkyl benzene

Cl Dry ether + 2Na + Cl-CH3 CH3

+ 2NaCl

Disadvantage : biaryl and alkanes are side products

35

Different conversions from chlorobenzene

Cl

Mg in dry ether MgCl

ether medium CO2 H3O+ C6H5COOH CH3CN H3O+ C6H5COCH3 CH3CHO H3O
+

HCHO H3O+ C6H5CH2OH

O CH2
+ ,H3O CH2

C6H5-CH OH CH3

C6H5CH2CH2OH

36

Aromatic chemistry and Nitrobenzene

For HS(12) C-32(part-2)

37

Lab method

Nitrobenzene is obtained by the action of a mixture of Conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4 on benzene at 50-600C. At

higher temperature meta dinitrobenzene forms

NO2 + HO-NO2 H2SO4 60 C
0

+ H2O

In place of nitrating mixture,we can use (a) conc HNO3 of sp gr 1.5 (b)Fuming nitric acid( containing 6-12% NO2) (c) Nitronium tetrafluoroborate ( NO2+BF4-) (d) Acetyl nitrate ( CH3COONO2)
38

Other preparation

C6H5N=N-Cl

HNO2 Cu2O

C6H5NO2

HBF4

C6H5N2+BF4-

NaNO2 Cu, heat

C6H5NO2

C6H5NH2 + 3CF3COOOH

C6H5NO2 + 3CF3COOH

Trifluoro per acetic acid

39

Chemical properties

Nitrobenzene is very stable compound not easily attacked by acids or alkalis but it is easily reduced.

There are two types of reactions of nitrobenzene :

(i) Reaction at nitro group (ii) Recation at benzene

nucleus

40

Reduction in acidic medium :

Nitrobenzene when heated with Sn or Zn with conc HCl or Fe dust + conc HCl or SnCl2/HCl, it is reduced to

aniline.
NH2 Sn /HCl(C) + 2H2O

NO2

41

Reduction in alkaline medium

Nitrobenzene when warmed with powdered Zn and NaOH( in methanol) converted to azoxy benzene.
NO2 + O 2N Zn methanolic NaOH + N=N O

Azoxy benzene is further reduced to azobenzene with conc methanolic NaOH solution

+ N=N O

Zn methanolic NaOH

N=N

42

Reduction in alkaline medium :

Nitrobenzene is reduced to hydrazo benzene when treated with Zn dust and hot aq NaOH solution

NO2 +

O2N

HH Zn aq NaOH N- N

43

Reduction in neutral medium :

Nitrobenzene is reduced to phenyl hydroxylamine when it is warmed with Zn dust and an aq solution of

NH4Cl in presence of ethanol

NO2 Zn NH4Cl

NHOH + H2O

44

Mulleken Barker Test

The presence of NO2 can be confirmed using this test.The compound is heated with Zn + 50% aq ethanolic solution of NH4Cl.After cooling it is reacted with Tollens reagent and formation of grey or black ppt of metallic Ag confirms NO2 gr.
NO2 Zn NH4Cl NHOH + H2O

C6H5NHOH + 2[Ag(NH ) ]+OH3 2

C6H5NO + Ag + NH3 + H2O

45

Other reductions :
NO2 Catalytic hydrgenation : raney Ni + H2 heat + 2H2O NH2

NO2 Electrolysis in weakly acidic medium : + 6H+ + 6e

NH2

Electrolysis in strongly acidic medium using Ni electrodes :

NO2 + 4H+ + 4e

NHOH

intramolecular rearrangement NH2

OH

46 p-aminophenol

Selective reduction

If we want to reduce one nitro gr of m-dinitrobenzene, the reducing agent to be used : NH4HS or aq Na2S or

methanolic NaHS or SnCl2 in HCl

NO2 NH4HS NO2

NO2

NH2 m-nitroaniline
47

Substitution reactions
NO2 Cl2 Fe powder NO2 Br2 Fe Br NO2 conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 900C fuming sulphuric acid heat SO3H
48

NO2

Cl

NO2 NO2

Nucleophilic substitution

NO2 KOH air

NO2 OH +

NO2

OH

49