VISION

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External eye anatomy

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Internal eye anatomy

1.

Sclera: C.T

2.

Choroid, highly pigmented, many blood vessels that nourish the retina Retina, outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous-tissue layer (rods &cones)

3.

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Internal eye anatomy

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The Iris & pupil

Iris:

Not all light enters the eye Pigmented color flecks, lines code

Pupil: Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

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Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in wavelike fashion

Light energy varies in wave length (e.G., Red vs. Blue) and in intensity (e.G., Intense red vs. Light red); that is, the amplitude, or height, of the wave

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Electromagnetic spectrum

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Focusing of diverging light rays

cornea, lens

Refraction: bending of a light ray as it strikes new medium (e.g., cornea, lens) at an angle 5/5/12

Refraction

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Convex vs. concave surfaces

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Focusing of distant and near sources of light

q

The rays from a distant (far) light source (more than 20 feet from the eye) are parallel by the time the rays reach the eye

A long distance is required for a lens of a given strength to bend the diverging rays from a near light source into focus

To focus both a distant and a near light source in the same distance (the distance between the lens and retina), a stronger lens must be 5/5/12 used for the near source

Sharp vs. blurred images

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Accommodation
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The ability to adjust the strength of the lens The strength of the lens depends on its shape, which in turn is regulated by the ciliary muscle

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Mechanism of accommodation

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Far vision and near vision in the normal eye

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Refraction problems and corrections

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Retinal layers

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View of the retina seen through an ophthalmoscope

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The Fovea
q

Fovea:
The point of most distinct vision Located in the exact center of the retina, The bipolar and ganglion cell layers are pulled aside Light strikes the photoreceptors directly Consists of cones only

Macula lutea:

The area immediately surrounding the fovea has a high concentration of cones Fairly high acuity 5/5/12

Photoreceptors

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Phototransduction

Photopigment: Opsin Retinene: . derivative of vitamin A . light-absorbing

1. 2.

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Phototransdu ction

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Rods vs. Cones

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Dark adaptation
v

Breakdown of photopigments during exposure to sunlight tremendously decreases photoreceptor sensitivity. In the dark, the photopigments broken down during light exposure are gradually regenerated Sensitivity of the eyes gradually increases so they can begin to see in the darkened surroundings

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Light adaptation
q

Initially, very sensitive to the dazzling light. With little contrast between lighter and darker parts, the entire image appears bleached

As some of the photopigments are rapidly broken down by the intense light, the sensitivity of the eyes decreases and normal contrasts can once again be detected

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Color perception
q

The pigments in various objects selectively absorb particular wavelengths of light transmitted to them from light-emitting sources, and the unabsorbed wavelengths are reflected from the objects surfaces.

An object perceived as green absorbs the red and blue wavelengths of light and reflects the green wavelengths, which can be absorbed by the photopigment in the eyes green cones, thereby 5/5/12 activating them

Color vision
q

Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.

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Color Vision
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There are three types of cones, each one of them responding best to different wavelengths (short, middle, and long) & less to others. Their combined responses generate color vision.

Color vision, depends on the three cone types various ratios of stimulation in response to different wavelengths 5/5/12

The visual pathway

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Electroretinography (ERG)
q

A test in which the electrical potentials generated by the retina of the eye are measured when the retina is stimulated by light.

An electrode is placed on the cornea to measure the electrical responses to light of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors (rods & cones) and the ganglion cells

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ERG
q

If a flash ERG is performed on a dark-adapted eye, the response is primarily from the rod system. Flash ERGs performed on a light adapted, eye will reflect the activity of the cone system

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ERG

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The END
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Abbreviated ERG. A test in which the electrical potentials generated by the retina of the eye are measured when the retina is stimulated by light. In an ERG, an electrode is placed on the cornea at the front of the eye. The electrode measures the electrical response of the rods and cones, the 5/5/12 visual cells in the retina at the back

What is electroretinography? Electroretinography (ERG) is an eye test used to detect abnormal function of the retina (the light-detecting portion of the eye). Specifically, in this test, the light-sensitive cells of the eye, the rods and cones, and their connecting ganglion cells in the retina are examined. During the test, an electrode is placed on the cornea (at the front of the eye) to measure the electrical responses to light of the cells that sense light in the retina at the back of the eye. These cells are called the rods and cones. How is an ERG done? The patient assumes a comfortable position (lying down or sitting up). Usually the patient's eyes are dilated beforehand with standard dilating eye drops. Anesthetic drops are then placed in the eyes, causing them to become numb. The eyelids are then propped open with a speculum, and an electrode is gently placed on each eye with a device very similar to a contact lens. An additional electrode is 5/5/12 placed on the skin to provide a ground for the very faint electrical

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far vision and near vision in the nearsightedness

Far source near source

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far vision and near vision in the farsightedness

Far source near source

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