DATA COMMUNICATION

Lecture-17

Recap of Lecture 15 & 16

Digital-to Analog Conversion Bit Rate and Baud Rate Carrier Signals ASK FSK PSK QAM

Overview of Lecture 17

Analog-to Analog Conversion

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Analog To Analog Conversion

Representation of Analog information (Voice) by an Analog signal. For Example: Radio communication (in which voice is generated and sent across the air using radio waves or micro waves.)

Analog To Analog Conversion

As Human voice (Analog data) is not in a format that can be sent in air, (its frequency is not in that form so that it can be sent separately) it must be sent with the help of carrier signal (higher frequency than the original data signal frequency generated by transmitter itself). This technique can also be called as modulation of Analog signal.(as a result of modulation the converted signal will have much higher frequency then the original signal)

Analog To Analog Conversion

Analog To Analog Conversion Methods

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude of carrier signal is changed/varied according to the amplitude of modulating signal(original signal).

Frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

AM Bandwidth
Bandwidth of AM signal (modulated signal) = 2 * bandwidth of modulating signal (original signal) Significant spectrum of AM audio = 5 KHz 10 KHz bandwidth for an AM station

AM Bandwidth

AM Band Allocation

AM Band Allocation

Actual signal (modulating signal) is of 5 KHz, so therefore its modulated signal will be of 10KHz. Or we can say that every AM station will use 10 KHz frequency for transmission. FCC (Federal Communication Commission) is the Regulatory Agency based in USA, which regulates all the frequency issues (allots frequency to every AM station), it allows only 10KHz for each AM station. Every AM station frequency is changed from another AM station by 10 KHz frequency e.g. 1st AM station has 1100 KHz so next AM station will have 1110 KHz frequency.

Example

We have an audio signal with a BW of 4 KHz. What is the BW needed, if we modulate the signal using AM?
Solution:
AM signal requires twice the BW of original signal BW = 2 * 4 KHz = 8 KHz

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency of carrier signal is changed according to the amplitude of modulating signal. Amplitude and Phase of the carrier signal remain constant

Frequency Modulation (FM)

FM Bandwidth
Bandwidth of FM signal (modulated signal) = 10 * bandwidth of modulating signal

Significant spectrum of FM audio = 15 KHz Minimum 150 KHz bandwidth

FM Bandwidth

FM Band Allocation

FM Band Allocation
The Gap between two stations will be 200KHz (according to FCC) Every station will have 200 KHz Bandwidth, so the total Gap between two FM stations will be 400 KHz (100 KHz+200Khz+100Khz) . This Gap is Used to Prevent overlapping two signals and Extra 200KHz is placed for more safety from interference. According to FCC we can only use 88MHz to 108MHz for FM stations, so there will be total 100 FM stations, but as we placed 100KHz free space, so now there will be only 50 FM stations.

Example
We have an Audio signal with a BW of 4 MHz .What is the BW needed if we modulate the signal using FM? Solution:
BW = 10 * 4 MHz = 40 MHz

Phase modulation (PM)

Simpler hardware requirements Phase is modulated with the amplitude Amplitude & Frequency of the carrier signal remain constant.
Note: Every other aspect of PM is same to FM.

Summary
Analog-to Analog Conversion
Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

Suggested Reading
Section

5.4, Data Communications and Networking 4th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan