Canadian Flagged Product Tankers

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What is a tanker?
A tanker is a type A ship that carries liquid cargo in

bulk.

Low permeability Relatively small openings on deck; limited access to

cargo holds
Piping system used to transport cargo from shore to

ship
Tanker types include product tanker, oil/chemical,

ore/oil carrier, LNG

Some ships such as bulkers or supply vessels may
5/5/12 have a cargo hold specially designed for liquids

Examples of cargoes carried by tankers

Heavy fuels(Bunker C, VGO, Cat Feed) Refined Fuels (MGO, MDO, RUL, PUL, Jet Fuel) Water, beer, wine, orange juice, molasses, fish meal Chemicals (Toluene, Ammonia, Chlorine) Asphalt Coal tar Sulfuric acid Vegetable or animal oils
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History of tankers
In the early days: Liquid cargoes not carried in bulk,

but carried in barrels, caskets or tuns

Interesting fact: Tuns = where the word tonnage

derives from. A wine casket which held a volume of 954 litres, nearly a cubic meter cargoes; steel and iron ships were

Wooden hulls werent watertight enough for liquid Free surface effect No efficient way of moving the cargo in bulk by using

pumps, until steam engine came along

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Carrying in bulk; why?

Barrels only held a small volume, were heavy even

when light, leaked, and were very expensive

Oil boom of the late 19th century spurned the industry

into finding ways to carry more oil; barrels were 50% of the expense of the petroleum industry railcars in cylindrical tanks

The first cargoes carried in bulk were carried by Eventually, oil was carried in barges, usually in rivers

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The first tanker, and challenges

First successful tanker was built in the 1880s One of the main problems was keeping the cargo and

fumes away from engine room spaces, expansion/contraction of cargo, and reducing static electricity risk
In 1881, first major tanker incident occurs; during

loading, loading pipe became dislodged and created a spark which ignited kerosene and blew up the ship. A flexible loading pipe was invented soon after eliminate free surface effect

Several cargo tanks and subdivisions implemented to

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First Tanker continued

Longitudinal framing system first implemented in

tankers in 1906, reducing stress on structure was a tanker built in 1903

Leading innovation: Worlds first diesel powered ship Later in the decade: Tanker built with valves operable

from main deck, vapor return line, a cargo piping system, cofferdams, and ballast tanks.

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Tankers today
Tankers today are still built on the same principles as

the tankers of the early 20th century. However, after the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the 2 major oil spills by Prestige and Erika off the coast of Britain accelerated the phasing out of single-hulled tankers for double-hulled tankers. These have problems of their own, such as risk of explosion in between hulls, accumulation of mud, and ineffectiveness in major allisions/collisions. Also, an Inert Gas system has been implemented to reduce risk of explosion Foreign tankers will be banned from entering after 5/5/12 this date if single hulled. IMO phase out is 2026

Canadian phase out of single hull tankers is 2015.

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Some key concepts/terms

Flash point: Lowest temp. that liquid gives off vapour

that is ignitable near surface. Must use external source of ignition air that will form ignitable mixture. Below this, too lean, cannot ignite

LEL(Lower Explosive Limit): Smallest % of vapour in

UEL(Upper Explosive Limit: Greatest % of vapour

that will form ignitable mixture. Above this, cannot ignite, too rich. determine where to probe with your multigas detector
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Vapour density: Where the vapour will settle. Helps to

How to avoid blowing up?

The answer: The IG(Inert Gas) system. The basic

working principle behind this system is to keep the cargo tanks in an inert condition out of the flammable range. Contains less than 8% oxygen under positive pressure. system should be pumping in more inert gas than cargo being discharged to replace cargo discharged and to keep positive pressure. to ensure its safe to be delivered to tanks. No solids, corrosives, or water 5/5/12

When to use: When cargo is being discharged, IG

Usually a nitrogen based gas. Gas must be scrubbed

This is what happens when you dont vent off excess pressure from the IG Pack your bags! VLCC Kong Haakon
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More things to keep in mind so you dont blow up

Safety first no smoking No flashlight, cellphone, radios, lighters No hot work Dont use power tools

^Solution to above: Use pneumatic tools during loading. Make sure piping system is free of water or dissimilar liquids. Restrict loadng rate and very slowly fill bottom of tank until liquid covers entire bottom
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Try to eliminate electrostatic discharges, particularly

Stay alert, stay safe

Read the MSDS sheet of cargo being loaded to be

aware of health risks

Remember in high school bio class when you couldnt

eat or drink in the lab? Same thing here.

Crude oil is the best cleaner you can use, but its

probably a bad idea to get it and any other liquid cargo on your hands. Practise safe hygiene.
Is there someone on deck who looks like hes had 10

beers too many? Get that person some help; they may have inhaled noxious vapours. Follow MSDS sheet at all times for prevention of incidents.
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Building a tanker
Tankers must be built very strong; cargoes expand,

tanks can only be 98% full, FSE Reinforced girders

Most tankers are built on the longitudinal system. Cofferdams must separate pumprooms. Tanks: Usually epoxy coated or stainless steel Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 tankers

Type 1: Maximum level of protection and containment. Strongly built and damage resistant Type 3: Less demanding than the Type 1 and 2, moderate level of protection 5/5/12

Going more in-depth; how does a tanker work Alex???

Lets get this cargo flowing and take a look at the three

main types of cargo piping systems found on tankers.

The first type well look at is the ring main system Basically, a big circle of pipes connecting all

tanks/pumps
Advantage: Any tank can be discharged by any pump.

Good for crude oil carriers. Disadvantage: Lots and lots and lots of pipe. More expensive. Lots of bends which means longer loading/discharging times, risk of leaks at bends
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Ring Main System

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Next up free flow system

Cargo flows through bottom of vessel through remote

activated sluice gates

Advantages: Less pipeline. Less expensive. You can

trim by stern to quickly get rid of cargo

Less bends, less friction, means quicker loading and

discharging. Youre in and out of port faster.

On the flip side:

-You can only have one grade of cargo. Not such a hot idea for a product tanker. Contamination risks are too great. -Watch your tank levels, its extremely easy to 5/5/12 overflow and cause a spill with this system.

Free Flow System

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Last but not least

Direct Line System The main lines are connected to pump room. Each

main designed to service a select number of tanks

Advantages: Quick loading/discharging Less pipe, less bends, cheaper Cargo can easily be seperated so you can carry

different types or grades of a leak.

Disadvantage: Good luck finding/locating the source

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Direct Line System

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Cargo goes in, cargo goes out

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The Manifold
Where the ship to shore connection is made in

loading/discharge operations

Hose is connected from shore facility to tanker Hose is usually of a flexible, polyprop or polyester

rubber coating, outside is reinforced with steel helix mesh covering the hose.
Sometimes made of stainless steel for tougher cargoes Watch your hose during transfer operations! Below the manifold, a pit must be fitted where small

leakage of cargo can be contained

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Drop lines; what are they?

Used only when loading. These bypass the pumproom

completely.. They are pumped in from shore, through the manifold on deck, and dropped directly to a tank or group of tanks. Cargo can be segregated. This is virtually the same as the direct line system.

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Relieving the pressures of working on a tanker

Above: A Pressure Vacuum Relief Valve

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P/V Valve
Reduces under/over pressurization of inerted tank Automatic activation once the tank reaches a certain

pressure
Tank vents and allows outside air in; exit velocity of

30 m/s
Watch pressures. If valve doesnt activate

automatically, manually activate

Maintenance: Make sure valves are regularly cleaned,

especially with vegetable/animal oils and crude oil. Failure to do so can result in serious vessel damages
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Vapour Control
Some newer tankers fitted with special pipe at

manifold allowing for shoreside elimination of vapours instead of venting into atmosphere Use fans to boost speed. certain cargoes

Simplest way of venting; just open up the hatch. Slow. Vapours must be eliminated when switching between When loading, tanks should never be opened.

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Alaaaaaarm!!!
High Level/overfill alarms High level activates around 95-98%. Audio/visual

warning
Overfill Alarm: You might just get the pink slip if you

hear this one

Alarms to be active and tested before loading Watch your loading rates and tank levels to avoid

problems

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Whats in the tanks?

Best method of measuring cargo: Tank radar(usually

in the +/- 5mm range)

Old fashioned way: Port holes and

ullage tapes, water/fuel finding paste beeping once liquid is touched. These have a valve which prevents outside air from entering once connected to sounding pipe mind if ship is on even keel or not

In between: Digital ullage gauger with auditory

Check soundings during transfer operations, keep in

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Lets get things moving; FRAMO pumps

Submerged pumps: Hydraulic powered. Impeller on

bottom. Can be used to strip cargo to very low levels. Separate stripping line. Expensive; need a pump for each tank. Can throttle up/down for optimum operation

Misc topics: Cavitation and shore booster pumps

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Giving the tanker a bath

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When switching between some cargoes, tanks must

be washed out to prevent cross contamination

Basic principle:

1. Wash tank with cold water(hot for heavier fuels) 2. Thoroughly was pumps, piping, heating coils 3. Strip the tank of washings 4. Dry with ventilation 5. Remove dirt/debris/sludge

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Watch for adequate pressure on the line; insufficient

and the water may not reach the bulkheads

Fixed tank: Very popular. On most tankers now.

Apply settings(wash duration, angles, ad temperature) and let run. Portable: Older, and smaller tankers. Lower manually through small booby hatch at prescribed height, for prescribed time.

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Regulations: Brief overview of International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals

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Special considerations when going up North

Keep your seachests and inlets clear; use heated

cooling water to keep warm, air to flush it out

Keep copy of TP 5064 Ice Navigation in Cdn Waters Keep heaters on in engine, bowthruster, steering gear,

and all pumprooms, as well as piping in trunk spaces.

Fire lines drained, valves to be cracked open Eyewash/shower stations to be operational. Leave

cracked open, or use heated water

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Watch out when firing up the hose crane; it can be

sluggish, fail to operate, brakes can be slippery. shy, put lots

Grease all moving parts of deck machinery; dont be Test your machinery in advance before you have to

use it. Cranes, winches, windlass

All lifesaving appliances to be clear and good to go Ice accretion: Knock it off, shovel off snow on deck Steel is weaker when its cold; dont hit things too

hard, navigate slowly in ice

Keep yourself warm! Use heated ballast water

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Check your p/v valves; make sure theyre operable Check that cargo heating system is free of water

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Is my 30 minutes up?

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I mean any questions?

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