Umts Radio Network Planning: Ashish Gambhir Novemder-2008

UMTS Radio Network Planning
Ashish Gambhir Novemder-2008
Agenda
1. Introduction to UMTS
2. WCDMA overview
3. Radio environment 4. UTRAN overall dimensioning process 5. 2G 3G Comparison
2 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
W-CDMA overview
UMTS
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UMTS was the 3G European standard

ETSI (European standardization body) selected its radio interface for UMTS (UTRA) in January 1998 based on W-CDMA for FDD mode and TD-CDMA for TDD mode W-CDMA was also chosen by ARIB (Japan) and also in USA and Korea Creation of 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) to join efforts on the standardization of the UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) solution: ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan), T1P1 (USA) , CWTS (China)
UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
1900 1920 TDD UL/D L
FDD UL
1980 2010 2025 MSS TDD UL UL/DL
2110 FDD DL
2170 MSS DL
2200
FUL
FUL/DL
FDL
2 modes:
FDD Mode
TDD Mode
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

uplink and downlink are separated in time flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic
UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access Frequency band Region 1 (Europe) Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

Carrier Bandwidth 2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps)
Services
Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage
Introduction
UTRAN Architecture
Uu Node B with RRU Iub RNC 3G MSC/VLR Circuit Core Network
Iu(CS) Node B Iur
3G SGSN 2G/3G GGSN GPRS backbone IP Network
Node I
RNC
Iu(PS)
Multiple Access Techniques
Po wer
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access uses band pass for carrier signal which are
Ti m e
non-overlapping in the frequency domain

O ne User
Po w er
Fr equ en cy
User
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access carrier signals are non overlapping in the time domain
Ti m e
Power Time Carrier 1 Carrier 2
Fr equ en cy
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access spreads the signal over the entire available bandwidth by using codes with good correlation properties
Frequency
One User
8 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique)

All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink
Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).
The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the user bit rate
Code Ci(t)
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Source signal Si (t) before spreading

Time Domain Bit1 Bit2
Resulting spread signal Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Bit Rate =Rb Spreading Factor Frequency Domain Narrowband signal SF =Rc/Rb
Chip Rate =Rc
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading is achieved by auto-correlation with the same code Due to low cross-correlation properties with other codes, the received signal energy is increased compared to noise and other signal interference The gain due to despreading is called processing gain Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
Chip Rate 3840 kcps PG 314.75 25dB User Bit Rate 12.2 kbps
Spreading
SPREADING
Own and other signals
Despreading
DESPREADING
W-CDMA Radio environment
UMTS Radio Environment

Shadowing and Fast fading (1)
Due to reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles, the received signal will suffer from slow and fast attenuations
0 Lognormal fading -10 Raleygh fading
-20
Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
Distance [m]
49.9

Shadowing and Fast fading (2)
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
20
Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power (dBm)
Transmit power
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)
15
Received power
Power (dBm) Fast fading values (dB)
10
-5
-10
-15
-20 0 1000 2000 3000
1000
2000
3000
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
Slot Number (0,666 ms)

Shadowing
Same as in GSM Slow fading variations due to obstacles (buildings, hills,) are called shadowing
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
0.3 0.25
Probability Densitiy Function
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 0 2 4 6 Fade Level 8 10 12
Shadowing can be modelled as a random variable with log-normal distribution of 0 mean and standard deviation that is characteristic of the environment

Multipath Diversity
Due to Reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles there is not only one path but a large number of paths with different delays and amplitudes
In W-CDMA, due to larger bandwidth, RAKE receiver will take benefit of this diversity
Interference limiting system Thanks to spreading/de-spreading Desired signal is raised Interference signals are kept low
B B Channel spreading
Thermal Noise Processing gain
Despreading
However the level of interference must be controlled
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell breathing phenomenon Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Interference limited
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station to reach a given Eb/Nt (quality) increases
Interference level relative to Noise level (dB)
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of simultaneous users per sector
For high interference level, the required received power becomes infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Near-Far-Problem
UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2 If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : socalled near-far effect Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast fading!
Soft Handover (SHO)

Principles
RNC
Connection is shifted softly from one cell to another cell on the same carrier All Node Bs, which are involved in soft/softer handover belong to the Active Set (AS) of the communication The decision to change the AS will mainly rely on the measured Power level of the cell Max AS size is limited by parameter settings All Node Bs from the AS process the signal from the UE
Node-B 2
A softer handover is a soft handover between different sectors of the same Node B The UE receives the same signal from different cells and therefore from different paths diversity gain
Received Pilot Signal Macrodiversity
3 dB Node-B 1
Soft Handover (SHO)

Macrodiversity gain
Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level selection diversity In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node Bs many multipaths
RNC
Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B In DL Maximum Ration combining due to RAKE receiver at UE For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same location of sectors less multipaths
RNC
UTRAN overall dimensioning process
Dimensioning process
Overall Dimensioning Process Radio
Iub, Iu Dimensioning RNC Dimensioning
Overall Dimensioning Process Radio
UTRAN overall dimensioning process

Call profile
Subscribers Erlang per CS service Kbit/s per PS service (R99&HSDPA&HSUPA)
Coverage
Km2 per environment
Radio
#carriers (R99&HSDPA&HSUPA) Environment definition Eb/No target, BLER per service SHO parameters...
#NodeB, NodeB type #subscribers per NodeB
NodeB Iub links dimensioning

#PCM Iub leaving the NodeB
Backhaul dimensioning
#STM1 Iub
RNC dimensioning
Kbit/s per RNC
Iu+Iur dimensioning
BLER, SHO parameters
NodeB dimensioning
Node B dimensioning
Inputs & Outputs
INPUTS

Coverage requirements Traffic forecast Quality of service Grade of Service Radio parameters
UL cell range DL cell range
WCDMA Ra dio Pa ra meters MULTISERVICE Tra ffic
UPLIN K Ana lysis
Iterative Process Interference
Traffic Traffic Model Model
Iterative Process Interference & Power
DOWN LIN K Ana lysis
UL Cell range Mobiles Tx Power UL cell load UL Capacity
Ba la nced Cell Ra nge
DL Cell range Node-B Tx Power DL cell load DL Capacity
Node B Dimensioning

OUTPUTS
Cell range and site area Number of Node-B Configuration of Node-B Number of carriers Radio features used
What is going to impact Cell Dimensioning in UMTS?
1) A New Technology: W-CDMA
Interference limited
Soft Handover
Power control Frequency reuse of 1
Cell Breathing
What is going to impact Cell Dimensioning in UMTS?
2) A Multi-service traffic environment Various Data Rates (from speech 12.2 kbps to 384 kbps) Various QoS & GoS (Blocking, delay, throughput, BLER) Various Connection type (Real Time (CS) or Non Real Time (PS)) Various Traffic asymmetry and behaviour
Different sensitivities
Different Footprints
Speech 12.2 kbps NRT 384 kbps NRT 128 kbps
Node B dimensioning
Inputs: Traffic and service
Traffic requirements: Offered services and parameters
Voice File transfer Web browsing Video conference Shopping on line
Interactive games Offered Services and their bit rate QoS: BLER target for each service (e.g. 510-2) GoS:
Blocking for RT services (e.g. 2%) Service Activity factor
User traffic profile

For each service, traffic volume per subscriber at busy hour:
CS services: mErlang per subscriber PS services: Volume per subscriber during the busy hour (in kbit)
Bearers Speech CS64 PS64 PS128 PS384 Typical GoS 1% BLER 0.5% BLER 1% BLER 1% BLER 1% BLER
Node B dimensioning
Inputs: WCDMA Radio parameters
W-CDMA parameters such as UL cell loading (e.g. 50%), Common channel power (e.g. 10%), orthogonality factor (e.g. 0.6)
Eb/No and sensitivity values for each service and required QoS
Max handset transmit power (e.g. 24 dBm for PS) Radio parameters
Gains, margins and losses (shadowing, body losses, penetration, softhandover gain )
Propagation models: clutters, coverage probability, Multipath channel model (Vehicular or Pedestrian) and speed (3-120km/h)
Node B dimensioning
Iterative Multi-service Link Budget
WCDMA Radio Parameters MULTISERVICE Traffic
UPLINK Analysis
UL cell range Iterativ e Proces s Interference
Traffic Model
DL cell range Iterativ e Proces s Interference & Power
DOWNLINK Analysis
UL Cell range Mobiles Tx Power UL cell load UL Capacity
Balanced Cell Range
DL Cell range Node-B Tx Power DL cell load DL Capacity
Node B dimensioning
Coverage and Capacity Trade-off
Need of an Cell Range iterative process between traffic analysis & link budget analysis Interference
Multi-service Traffic in the cell
Understanding the network behaviour

allows a better tailored network
3G LINK BUDGET -2100MHZ

UPLINK LINK BUDGET - VehA 3km/h Speech kbps Service Bit Rate 12.2 Target Eb/No dB 4.3 Target C/I dB -20.7 Node-B Noise Figure dB 2.5 Node-B Sensitivity dBm -126.3 Antenna Gain dBi 18 Cable & Connector Losses dB 1.8 Body Loss dB 3 Additional Losses dB 0 Cell area coverage probability % 98% Shadowing standard deviation dB 6.0 Shadowing Margin dB 5.4 Fast Fading Margin dB 1.7 Penetration Margin dB 18 Cell Load % 50% Noise Rise dB 3.0 Interference Margin dB 3.0 UE Max Transmit Power dBm 21 UE Antenna Gain dBi 0 MAPL without TMA dB 132.4 Cell Range without TMA km 0.61 CS64 64 1.5 -16.3 2.5 -121.9 18 1.8 0 0 98% 6.0 5.4 2 18 50% 3.0 2.9 21 0 130.8 0.55 PS64 64 1.4 -16.4 2.5 -122.0 18 1.8 0 0 98% 6.0 5.4 1.7 18 50% 3.0 2.9 21 0 131.2 0.57 PS128 128 1.0 -13.8 2.5 -119.4 18 1.8 0 0 98% 6.0 5.4 1.7 18 50% 3.0 2.8 21 0 128.7 0.48
Iub, Iu Dimensioning
Overall process Iub , Iu Dimensioning

NodeB links dimensioning Method 1: Average effective traffic above RLC per NodeB site (preferred) Method 2: Based on NodeB capacity Addition of the following overheads to dimension Iub
Overheads
Diversity Signaling
Iub traffic main
= f(User average traffic, Headers+BLER)
Iub traffic diversity = f(SHO parameters) Signalling + OaM = f(Signalling/OaM margin)
Iub
RNC Dimensioning
RNC dimensioning Demand :

Iub interface Iub architecture Iub traffic #BS, #Cells #subscribers traffic profile
RNC Results # RNC RNC Capacity :

Connectivity (STM1/IP) Coverage (BS, Cells) CPU Subscribers Iu Mbps (UL+DL) Appli. Layer
RNC Configuration :
2G/3G Comparison
GSM Link Budget-900/1800 MHz

LB_DU_MP GSM900, DU, 98% coverage probability
Main design inputs Frequency band Morphoclass Design aggressiveness Propagation model Cell area coverage probability RX Parameters RX Sensitivity Antenna Diversity Gain Feeder Loss(21.0m LCF7_8) Jumper and Connector Loss TMA Contribution RX Antenna Gain Loss of External Devices Required Isotropic Power TX Parameters TX Output Power Feeder Loss Jumper and Connector Loss(21.0m LCF7_8) TMA Insertion Loss TX Antenna Gain Slant Polarization Loss Loss of External Devices EIRP Margins Slow Fading Margin (sigma = 6.0 dB) Interference Margin Body Loss Penetration Margin Other Margins Total Margins Results Allowed Path Loss per Link Maximum Allowable Path Loss Design results Cell Range Design Level Acceptance Level Limiting direction (imbalance = 5.7 dB) GSM900 DU Medium HataOkumura 98 Uplink -111.0 5.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 15.8 0.0 -131.3 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.0 Downlink -102.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -102.0 42.1 0.8 0.5 0.0 15.8 0.0 0.0 56.6 Mhz
LB_DU_MP GSM1800, DU, 98% coverage probability

Main design inputs Frequency band Morphoclass Design aggressiveness Propagation model Cell area coverage probability RX Parameters RX Sensitivity Antenna Diversity Gain Feeder Loss(21.0m LCF7_8) Jumper and Connector Loss TMA Contribution RX Antenna Gain Loss of External Devices Required Isotropic Power TX Parameters TX Output Power Feeder Loss Jumper and Connector Loss(21.0m LCF7_8) TMA Insertion Loss TX Antenna Gain Slant Polarization Loss Loss of External Devices EIRP Margins Slow Fading Margin (sigma = 6.0 dB) Interference Margin Body Loss Penetration Margin Other Margins Total Margins Results Allowed Path Loss per Link Maximum Allowable Path Loss Design results Cell Range Design Level Acceptance Level Limiting direction (imbalance = 3.8 dB) GSM1800 DU Medium HataCost231 98 Uplink -111.0 5.8 1.2 0.7 0.0 17.7 0.0 -132.6 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 Downlink -102.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -102.0 41.0 1.2 0.7 0.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 56.8 8.54 3.5 3.0 30.5 0.0 45.54 113.26 113.26 Mhz
dBm dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB km dBm dBm
dBm dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB km dBm dBm
8.649999618530273 3.5 3.0 30.5 0.0 0.0 45.65 45.65 118.65 112.95 112.95
0.0 45.54 117.06
0.45 -56.35 -65.0 Downlink
0.25 -56.46 -65.0 Downlink

UPLINK LINK BUDGET - VehA 3km/h-900MHZ Speech kbps Service Bit Rate 12.2 Target Eb/No dB 4.3 Target C/I dB -20.7 Node-B Noise Figure dB 2.5 Node-B Sensitivity dBm -126.4 Antenna Gain dBi 15.8 Cable & Connector Losses dB 1.3 Body Loss dB 3 Additional Losses dB 0 Cell area coverage probability % 98% Outdoor Shadowing standard deviation dB 6.0 Indoor penetration standard deviation dB 0.0 Overall standard deviation dB 6.0 Shadowing Margin dB 5.4 Fast Fading Margin dB 1.7 Penetration Margin dB 30.5 Cell Load % 50% Noise Rise dB 3.0 Interference Margin dB 3.0 UE Max Transmit Power dBm 21 UE Antenna Gain dBi 0 MAPL dB 118.3 Cell Range km 0.64
CS64 64 1.5 -16.3 2.5 -122.0 15.8 1.3 0 0 98% 6.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 2 30.5 50% 3.0 2.9 21 0 116.6 0.57
PS64 64 1.4 -16.4 2.5 -122.1 15.8 1.3 0 0 98% 6.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 1.7 30.5 50% 3.0 2.9 21 0 117.0 0.59
PS128 128 1.0 -13.8 2.5 -119.5 15.8 1.3 0 0 98% 6.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 1.7 30.5 50% 3.0 2.8 21 0 114.5 0.50

UPLINK LINK BUDGET - VehA 3km/h-1800MHZ Speech CS64 kbps Service Bit Rate 12.2 64 Target Eb/No dB 4.3 1.5 Target C/I dB -20.7 -16.3 Node-B Noise Figure dB 2.5 2.5 Node-B Sensitivity dBm -126.3 -121.9 Antenna Gain dBi 18 18 Cable & Connector Losses dB 1.8 1.8 Body Loss dB 3 0 Additional Losses dB 0 0 Cell area coverage probability % 98% 98% Outdoor Shadowing standard deviation dB 6.0 6.0 Indoor penetration standard deviation dB 0.0 0.0 Overall standard deviation dB 6.0 6.0 Shadowing Margin dB 5.4 5.4 Fast Fading Margin dB 1.7 2 Penetration Margin dB 18 18 Cell Load % 50% 50% Noise Rise dB 3.0 3.0 Interference Margin dB 3.0 2.9 UE Max Transmit Power dBm 21 21 UE Antenna Gain dBi 0 0 MAPL without TMA dB 132.4 130.8 Cell Range without TMA km 0.61 0.55
PS64 64 1.4 -16.4 2.5 -122.0 18 1.8 0 0 98% 6.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 1.7 18 50% 3.0 2.9 21 0 131.2 0.57
PS128 128 1.0 -13.8 2.5 -119.4 18 1.8 0 0 98% 6.0 0.0 6.0 5.4 1.7 18 50% 3.0 2.8 21 0 128.7 0.48
Comparison 2G and 3G Cell Range
Comparison 2G and 3G Cell Range
UMTS 2100
Technology
GSM 1800
UMTS 2100 GSM 1800 UMTS 900 GSM 900
UMTS 900
GSM 900 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Cell Range (urban) for Voice
UMTS Cell Range (urban) for Voice with TMA
UMTS Cell Range (urban) for Voice with TMA
UMTS 2100 without TMA
Tecnology
UMTS 900 without TMA UMTS 2100 with TMA UMTS 900 with TMA 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
UMTS 2100 without TMA UMTS 900 without TMA UMTS 2100 with TMA UMTS 900 with TMA
Cell Range (km)
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Umts Radio Network Planning: Ashish Gambhir Novemder-2008

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Ashish Gambhir Novemder-2008

2 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

3 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UMTS was the 3G European standard

4 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

1900 1920 TDD UL/D L

1980 2010 2025 MSS TDD UL UL/DL

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

5 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

UTRA FDD - Characteristics

Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

6 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Uu Node B with RRU Iub RNC 3G MSC/VLR Circuit Core Network

Iu(CS) Node B Iur

3G SGSN 2G/3G GGSN GPRS backbone IP Network

7 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Multiple Access Techniques

non-overlapping in the frequency domain

Power Time Carrier 1 Carrier 2

W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique)

9 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Spread spectrum technique

The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).

Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS

Source signal Si (t) before spreading

Resulting spread signal Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)

Chip Rate =Rc

Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS

10 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

11 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

12 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

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Own and other signals

13 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

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14 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

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W-CDMA Radio environment

15 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

UMTS Radio Environment

Received Power [dBm]

16 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

UMTS Radio Environment

Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power (dBm)

Power (dBm) Fast fading values (dB)

-20 0 1000 2000 3000