NAME-JAYESH BIDANI(14) & 10-E

A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals

Hg ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:
Metals generally have 1,2,3, valence electrons except Hydrogen, Helium or Boron which have 1,2,3 valence electrons respectively. E.g. Na ---- Na +e

ELECTRON POSITIVE CHARACTER:

Metals are electropositive in nature since they Copper used as have a tendency to loose their valence conducting wire electrons and acquire noble gas configuration.

DUCTILITY:

Metals are ductile in nature i.e. they can be drawn into wires. THERMALAND ELECTRICAL

Hg MALLAEBALITY: CONDUCTIVITY:
Metals re malleable i.e. they can be beaten into thin sheets.) Metals are very good conductor of heat and electricity due to the presence of valence electrons except graphite.

HARDNESS:

Metals are generally hard except Copper used as sodium and potassium which are so soft that they conducting wire can be cut with a knife easily.

Almost all metals (except gold and platinum) combine with oxygen to form metal oxide. The reactivity of metal towards oxygen are different. Some metals react only when heated. While there are metals which react on prolonged heating/ Sodium and Potassium react with oxygen at room temperature to form basic oxide Na + O2------- 2Na2O Magnesium combines with oxygen not at room temperature but when heated. 2Mg + O2 ------- 2Mgo Since Magnesium reacts with O2 less readily than sodium , therefore, magnesium is less reactive than sodium. Copper reacts with oxygen only on prolonged heating. 2Cu + O2 -------- 2CuO Therefore, copper is less reactive than zinc. Thus the order of reactivity of metals with oxygen is Na>Mg>Cu

All metals combine with O2 to form metal oxide. 4Na + O2 ------- 2Na20 These metal oxides are basic in nature i.e. they dissolves in water to form alkali i.e. base 2Na2 + H2O --------2NaOH The basic solution is determined by the following methods. It turns moist red litmus paper to blue. It turns colorless Phenolphthalein solution to pink. Some metals oxides such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3), Since Oxide (ZnO) etc. show both acidic as well as Basic behaviour. Such metal oxides are known as amphoteric oxides. Aluminium oxides react in the full manner with acids and bases--Al2O3 + 6Hcl -------2AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH ------ 2NaAlO2 + H20 (sodium aluminate)

The reactivity of metal with water is different. Some metal react with water at ordinary temperature while some metals react when heated. In each case hydrogen is evolved. Sodium and Potassium react with water at room temperature Magnesium and zinc do not react with cold water, they react with steam. Metals like copper do not react with water even when heated at high temperature. The order of reactivity of some metal with water is Na>Mg>Cu

Action of steam on a metal

Metals usually displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Only the less reactive metal like copper, silver and gold do no displace hydrogen from dilute acids Metals react with dil. Acids to give metal chloride and hydrogen gas 1.Sodium metal reacts violently with dl. Acids 2Na +2HCl2NaCl+H2 2.The reaction of magnesium with dil.acids is less vigorous than sodium ,so mg is less reactive than Na Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2 3.The reaction of aluminium with dil. Acids is less rapid than that f Mg.so it is less reactive than Mg 2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H2

Reaction of zinc granules with HCl to evolve hydrogen gas.

1.The metals like copper and silver which are less reactive than hydrogen do not displace hydrogen from dil.acids .Because they do not give out electrons required for reaction of hydrogen ion present in the acids AQUA REGIA 2.Hygrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid.It is because it is a strong oxidising agent. 3.Aqua regia is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1.It can even dissolve less reactive metal like gold and platinum too.

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution. (Displacement reaction) Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals

O X Y G E N

ELECTRONIC CONFIGRATION: Non metals are generally have 4,5,6,or 7 valence electrons. ELECTROPOSITIVE CHARACTER: Non metals have a tendency to gain valence electrons and acquire a stable noble gas configuration therefore, they are Electropegative in nature. MELLAEBALITY AND DUCTILITY: Non metals re brittle in nature.

THERMAL AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY :Non metals are poor conductor i.e. insulators of heat and electricity.
HARDNESS: Metals are generally soft in nature

Ionic compounds are compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non metal.

Properties of ionic compounds

i) They are crystalline solids. ii) They have high melting points and boiling points. iii) They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents (like petrol, kerosene etc.) iv) They conduct electricity in molten state or in solution. v) They are formed by the transfer of electrons and are made up of ions.

Some metals like gold, silver, platinum etc are found in the free state in the earths crust because they are least reactive. Most metals are found as oxides, carbonates, sulphides, halides etc. Minerals :- are elements or compounds which occur naturally inside the earths crust. Ore :- is a mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably. Gangue :- is the impurities present in the ore like rock particles, sand particles, clay particles etc.
ACTIVITY SERIES AND RELATED METALLURGY

i) ii)

Concentration of the ore (Enrichment of the ore). ii) Reduction to the metal.

iii) iii) Refining (Purification of the metal). Concentration of the ore :- is the removal of gangue (impurities) from the ore by different methods.

The removal of impurities from the metal to obtain the pure metal is called refining of metals. The most common method for refining of metals is electrolytic refining. In this method a block of the impure metal is made the anode and a thin sheet of the pure metal is made the cathode. The electrolyte is a salt solution of the metal to be purified. Eg :- In the electrolytic refining of copper, a block of impure copper is made the anode and a thin sheet of pure copper is made the cathode. The electrolyte is acidified copper sulphate solution. When electric current is passed through the electrolyte, pure copper from the anode is deposited at the cathode and the impurities settle down as anode mud.

Sometimes reactive metals like Na, Ca, Al etc. are used as reducing agents to obtain metals from their oxides. Eg :- 3MnO2 + 4Al Mn + 3Al2O3 + Heat ) The reaction between metal oxides and aluminium is highly exothermic and the metals are obtained in molten state. Such reactions are called thermit reactions.
THERMIT REACTION OF RAILWAY TRACKS

The reaction between iron oxide and aluminium produces molten iron. This reaction is used to join rail tracks, broken machine parts etc. Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat

Corrosion is the damage caused to metals due to the reaction of metals with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide etc. Eg :Formation of brown coating of rust over iron. Formation of green coating of basic copper carbonate over copper. Formation of black coating of silver sulphide over silver.

Corrosion of metals can be prevented by :- i) Applying oil or grease. ii) Applying paint. iii) By galvanisation. (Coating with zinc) iv) By tinning. (Coating with tin) v) By electroplating. (Coating a less reactive metal like chromium) vi) By alloying. (Making alloys) c) Alloy :- An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with other metals or non metal. Eg :- Steel iron, carbon Stainless steel iron, carbon, cobalt, nickel Brass copper, zinc

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