Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
to accompany
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Organization and Functioning of Securities Markets
Questions to be answered:
What is the purpose and function of a market? What are the characteristics that determine the quality of a market? What is the difference between a primary and secondary capital market and how do these markets support each other?
Chapter 4
Organization and Functioning of Securities Markets
What are the national exchanges and how are the major security markets becoming linked (what is meant by passing the book)? What are the regional stock exchanges and the over-the-counter (OTC) market? What are the alternative market-making arrangements available on the exchanges and the OCT market?
Chapter 4
Organization and Functioning of Securities Markets
What are the major types of orders available to investors and market makers? What are the major functions of a specialist on the NYSE and how does the specialist differ from the central market maker on other exchanges? What are the major factors that have caused the significant changes in markets around the world in the past 10 to 15 years?
Chapter 4
Organization and Functioning of Securities Markets
What are some of the major changes in world capital markets expected over the next decade?
What is a market?
Brings buyers and sellers together to aid in the transfer of goods and services Does not require a physical location Both buyers and sellers benefit from the market
Liquidity
marketability price continuity depth
Secondary markets
Market where outstanding securities are bought and sold by investors. The issuing unit does not receive any funds in a secondary market transaction
Provides liquidity to investors who acquire securities in the primary market Results in lower required returns than if issuers had to compensate for lower liquidity Helps determine market pricing for new issues
Financial Futures
Bond futures are traded in Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
Trading Systems
Pure auction market
Buyers and sellers are matched by a broker at a central location Price-driven market
Dealer market
Dealers provide liquidity by buying and selling shares Dealers may compete against other dealers
Trends
New exchanges in emerging economies such as Russia, Poland, China, Hungary, Peru, Sri Lanka Consolidation of existing exchanges in developed countries Global twenty-four-hour market made possible by advances in technology
Recent Consolidations
In 1995, Germanys three largest exchanges merged into the one in Frankfurt NASD merged with AMEX Philadelphia Stock Exchange merged with NASD/AMEX CBOE merged with Pacific Exchange The Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris exchanges formed an alliance The Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Oslo exchanges formed an alliance called the Nordic Country Alliance
Regional Exchanges
Stocks not listed on a formal exchange
Listing requirements vary
Listed stocks
Allow brokers that are not members of a national exchange access to securities
1,000 issues on NASDAQ apart from NMS 1,000 issues not on NASDAQ
Two lists
Third Market
OTC trading of shares listed on an exchange Mostly well known stocks
GM, IBM, AT&T, Xerox
Competes with trades on exchange May be open when exchange is closed or trading suspended
Fourth Market
Direct trading of securities between two parties with no broker intermediary Usually both parties are institutions Can save transaction costs No data are available regarding its specific size and growth
Detailed Analysis of Exchange Markets Exchange Membership Major Types of Orders Exchange Market Makers
Exchange Membership
Specialist Commission brokers
Employees of a member firm who buy or sell for the customers of the firm
Floor brokers
Independent members of an exchange who act as broker for other members
Registered traders
Use their membership to buy and sell for their own accounts
Limit orders
Order specifies the buy or sell price Time specifications for order may vary Instantaneous - fill or kill, part of a day, a full day, several days, a week, a month, or good until canceled (GTC)
Margin Transactions
On any type order, instead of paying 100% cash, borrow a portion of the transaction, using the stock as collateral Interest rate on margin credit may be below prime rate Regulations limit proportion borrowed
Margin requirements are from 50% up
Margin Transactions
Buy 200 shares at $50 = $10,000 position Borrow 50%, investment of $5,000 If price increases to $60, position
Value is $12,000 Less - $5,000 borrowed Leaves $7,000 equity for a $7,000/$12,000 = 58% equity position
Margin Transactions
Buy 200 shares at $50 = $10,000 position Borrow 50%, investment of $5,000 If price decreases to $40, position
Value is $8,000 Less - $5,000 borrowed Leaves $3,000 equity for a $3,000/$8,000 = 37.5% equity position
Margin Transactions
Initial margin requirement at least 50%. Set up by the Fed. Maintenance margin
Requirement proportion of equity to stock Protects broker if stock price declines Minimum requirement is 25% Margin call on undermargined account to meet margin requirement If margin call not met, stock will be sold to pay off the loan
Regular members
Saitori member
Hundreds of employees on trading floor Intermediary clerks Brokers among members Maintain limit orders
TSE Membership
Membership requires corporate license Four types of license are available and may be combined
1. Trade securities as a dealer 2. Trade as a broker 3. Underwrite new securities on secondary offerings 4. Handle retail distribution of securities
Since 1965, the growth of trading by large financial institutions has had many effects
Negotiated (competitive) commission rates Influence on block trades Impact on stock price volatility Development of National Market System (NMS)
1. Centralized Reporting
Should record all transactions of a stock, regardless of location NYSE started a central tape in June 1975 covering all NYSE stocks traded on other exchanges and OTC
Super DOT
Electronic order-routing system Member firms transmit market and limit orders in NYSE securities to trading posts or member firms booth Report of execution returned electronically 85% of NYSE market orders enter through Super DOT system
Display Book
Electronic workstation that keeps track of all limit orders and incoming market orders, including incoming Super Dot limit orders
Paris Bourse
The big brokerage house monopoly on stock trading has been opened up to French and foreign banks Investment firms are merging with banks to acquire capital needed to trade in world market Continuous auction market introduced to replace call market
Future Developments
Continuing consolidation of security exchanges More specialized investment companies Changes in the financial services industry
Financial supermarkets Financial boutiques
Advances in technology
Computerized trading 24-hour market of the future may be floorless, global, and highly automated