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CCNA1-1
Chapter 4
CCNA1-3
Chapter 4
This service is sometimes referred to as an end-to-end service. Provides two protocols: TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol
CCNA1-4 Chapter 4
We will be focusing on the Layer that: Segments the data. Creates and inserts the header for either the TCP or the UDP protocol.
CCNA1-5 Chapter 4
CCNA1-6
Chapter 4
CCNA1-7
Chapter 4
CCNA1-8
Chapter 4
Any host can have multiple applications running simultaneously. Transport Layer maintains these separate data streams. For example, it makes sure that Instant Messaging data does not appear on the E-mail application.
CCNA1-9 Chapter 4
Segmenting Data
Application Layer passes large amounts of data.
Segmenting Data
Multiplexing allows multiple, concurrent applications.
Reassembling Segments
Reassembling Segments
After reassembly, the port number is used to pass the data to the correct application.
25 80 When created, each segment is assigned a unique application identifier. 25 (Port Number)
CCNA1-13 Chapter 4
Flow Control
CCNA1-14
Chapter 4
Error Recovery
CCNA1-15
Chapter 4
Initiating a Session
CCNA1-16
Chapter 4
UDP
TCP
Different applications have different requirements. Different protocols have been developed to meet them.
CCNA1-17 Chapter 4
CCNA1-18
Chapter 4
CCNA1-20
Chapter 4
Example Applications
Domain Name System (DNS) Online Games Voice over IP (VoIP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Chapter 4
CCNA1-21
Example Applications Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Simple Message Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
CCNA1-22
Chapter 4
Port Addressing
CCNA1-23
Chapter 4
IP Packet Header
At the TCP/IP Internet Layer: The IP Packet Header has a Protocol field that specifies whether the segment is TCP or UDP.
CCNA1-24 Chapter 4
IP Packet Header
When a packet is encapsulated at the Network Layer, it is coded to identify the source of the packet (TCP or UDP).
CCNA1-25 Chapter 4
IP Protocol = 6
Data sent to TCP _____________
IP Protocol = 17
Data sent to UDP
When a packet is decapsulated at the destination, the code is used to send the packet to the proper protocol (TCP or UDP).
CCNA1-26 Chapter 4
Both TCP and UDP use port numbers to pass information to the upper layers. These ports are actually termed sockets. A socket is simply the combination of the devices IP address and the source/destination port for the data, separated by a colon.
e.g. 207.134.65.2:80 references an HTTP socket.
CCNA1-27 Chapter 4
CCNA1-28
Chapter 4
CCNA1-29
Chapter 4
Some ports are reserved in both TCP and UDP, although applications might not be written to support them. Three groupings of port types: Well-known or Contact Ports (0 to 1023). Registered Ports (1024 through 49151). Private and/or Dynamic Ports (49152 through 65535).
CCNA1-30
Chapter 4
20 FTP Data
21 FTP Control
23 Telnet
CCNA1-31
194 IRC
1812 RADIUS
Dynamic port usage will become clearer as we move through the material.
STAY TUNED!
CCNA1-33 Chapter 4
CCNA1-34
Chapter 4
Source IP
TCP/UDP
Source Socket
Destination Socket
netstat a n command
Connection State
Actually, when you open up a single web page, there are usually several TCP sessions created, not just one.
CCNA1-35 Chapter 4
CCNA1-36
Chapter 4
Example Applications Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Simple Message Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
CCNA1-37
Chapter 4
CCNA1-38
Chapter 4
CCNA1-39
Chapter 4
Flow control.
CCNA1-40
Chapter 4
URG the Urgent Pointer Field is significant. ACK the Acknowledgement Number field is significant PSH push function RST reset connection SYN synchronize sequence numbers FIN no more data from sender
6 Bits 0 = OFF 1 = ON
CCNA1-41
Chapter 4
Server is listening on Port 80 for HTTP connections. The client sets the destination port to 80 and uses a dynamic port as its source.
CCNA1-42 Chapter 4
Server replies with the web page. Sets the source port to 80 and uses the clients source port as the destination.
CCNA1-43 Chapter 4
CCNA1-44
Chapter 4
What if there are two sessions to the same server? The client uses another dynamic port as its source and the destination is still port 80. Different source ports keep the sessions unique on the server.
CCNA1-45 Chapter 4
How does the Transport Layer keep them separate? The socket (IP Address:Port) 172.16.230.5:49650 172.16.230.5:49655
CCNA1-46
207.22.146.33:49650 207.22.146.33:49655
Chapter 4
CCNA1-47
Chapter 4
For a connection to be established, the two end stations must synchronize on each other's initial sequence numbers (ISNs). The ISN is the starting sequence number used when a TCP connection is established.
CCNA1-48 Chapter 4
Sequence numbers are used to track the order of segments and to ensure that no segments are lost in transmission. The Flag fields are used to identify the type of segment.
CCNA1-49 Chapter 4
CCNA1-50
Chapter 4
CCNA1-51
Chapter 4
CCNA1-52
Chapter 4
1
2
Four step process using the Flag and sequence number fields.
CCNA1-54 Chapter 4
CCNA1-55
Chapter 4
Remember that the Transport Layer must reassemble the segments in the correct order.
CCNA1-56 Chapter 4
CCNA1-57
Chapter 4
Expectational Acknowledgement
ACK = ISN + 1
CCNA1-58
Chapter 4
Window Size: The amount of data that can be sent before requiring an acknowledgement. Determined by the Window field in the header.
CCNA1-59 Chapter 4
TCP Retransmission
A destination host service using TCP usually only acknowledges data for contiguous sequence bytes. If one or more segments are missing, only the data in the segments that complete the stream are acknowledged.
CCNA1-60
Chapter 4
CCNA1-61
Chapter 4
CCNA1-64
Chapter 4
CCNA1-65
Chapter 4
Example Applications
Domain Name System (DNS) Online Games Voice over IP (VoIP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Chapter 4
CCNA1-66
Low Overhead: Connectionless: No connection establishment as with TCP. Unreliable or Best Effort delivery: No error checking No flow control No congestion control No sequence numbers for ordered delivery
CCNA1-67 Chapter 4
UDP is said to be transaction-based. When an application has data to send, it simply sends the data. The UDP protocol data unit (PDU) is referred to as a datagram, although the terms segment and datagram are sometimes used interchangeably to describe a Transport layer PDU.
CCNA1-68 Chapter 4
IP Packet Header
When a packet is encapsulated at the Network Layer, it is coded to identify the source of the packet (TCP or UDP).
CCNA1-70 Chapter 4
Like TCP, UDP applications use Well-Known or Registered ports specifically set aside for UDP. When UDP receives a datagram destined for one of these applications, it forwards the datagram based on its port number.
CCNA1-71 Chapter 4
Uses the same methods as TCP for keeping multiple conversations separate (Socket - IP Address:Port). 172.16.230.5:53478 172.16.230.5:53479
CCNA1-72
207.22.146.33:53478 207.22.146.33:53479
Chapter 4
Description File Transfer Protocol Data File Transfer Protocol Control Commands Terminal connection Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - Email Domain Name System Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Chapter 4
CCNA1-74
Chapter 4
Summary: Applications
TCP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Post Office Protocol (POP3) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) UDP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Domain Name System (DNS) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
CCNA1-75 Chapter 4