COMPUTER NETWORKING

PRESENTED BY
SURESH.N UDHAYA KUMAR.U

 Computer network connects two or more autonomous

computers. Computer networking is one of the most exciting and important technological fields of our time. The Internet interconnects the millions and soon billions of computers, providing a global communication, storage, and computation infrastructure. Computer networking has indeed come a long way since its infancy in the 1960s. A Network is set of devices (often referred to as node or host) connected by transmission media links.

NETWORKING DEVICES
ROUTER SWITCH BRIDGE HUB

ROUTER
Routers are very common today in every network area.It actually route the data from one network to another.
Types of it: Hardware routers Software routers

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ROUTER

They are small boxes that run special software created by their vendors to give them routing capability .Where as software routers is not a hardware devices ,it could be an NT server ,netware server or a linux server.

Switches connect two or more LAN segments. Function Of Switches: Address learning Forward and Filter decision Loop avoidance

BRIDGE

Hubs are actually multiport repeaters. In many cases, the difference between the two devices is the number of ports that each provides. While a typical repeater has just two ports, a hub has from 4 to 24 ports.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS
There are two types of routing protocols. IGP Based EGP Based

IGP ROUTING PROTOCALS

This is interior gateway protocol. This is used in single Autonomous System. It is many types. 1. Distance Vector RIP version 1,version 2 and IGRP In this we use metric method. 2. Link State:OSPF, IS-IS In this we use Administrative distance method.

EGP ROUTING PROTOCALS

It is used in other Autonomous. It is single type. It have only one protocol BGP(Border Gateway Protocol)

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
A transmission media define as anything that can carry information from a source to a destination.

TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted

together.

There are two type of twisted-pair cable unshielded twisted-pair (UTP). shielded twisted-pair (STP)..

COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher

frequency ranges than those in twisted- pair cable, in part because the two media are constructed quite differently. Based on the thickness of the copper core,the cables are divided into two types,they are Thin(thinet) The thickness of the copper core is about 0.25 inch Thick(thicket) The thickness of the copper core is about 0.5 inch

THE SEVEN LAYER OSI MODEL

OSI LAYERS
Physical layer - It is a bottom layer in osi model.the function of this layer is to make and break connection,define voltage and data rate for transmission. it will also decide the way of communication whether simplex.half duplex or full duplex.

Data link layer- This layer provide synchronization,error detection and correction.
Network layer- The function of this layer is to provide routing of the signal,to divide the outgoing message into packet and to act as the network controller. Transport layer-The function of this layer is to decide whether transmission should be parallel or single path.Multiplexing, splitting or segmenting the data. Session layer-The function of this layer is to manage and synchronize conversation between two system.it control logging on and off.user identification.

Presentation layer- This layer works as the translating layer.

Application layer-The function of this layer is to retransferring the files of information.

TYPES OF ADDRESSING
PHYSICAL ADDRESSING LOGICAL ADDRESSING

PHYSICAL ADDRESSING
physical address is used when our data will come at

physical layer. at this layer data is in contact of physical device. The physical address is also called the MAC address and it is generated by the manufacturer. In a Local Area Network (LAN), the MAC address will be unique. Physical Address is present in NIC Card and can't be changed. FORMAT OF MAC ADDRESS AA-2E-5B-4E-22-3F

LOGICAL ADDRESSING
Logical address is also known as IP address and is set by the

operating system. Logical Address can be changed whenever change required. THERE ARE 5 CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS CLASS A UNICAST ADDRESSING CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D -USE FOR MULTICASTING CLASS E USE FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE IP ADDRESS FORMAT IS 172.16.3.53

There are 3 types os computer networks LAN (Local Area Networks) MAN (Metropolitant Area Network) WAN(Wide Area Network )

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Network in limited geographical area such as home or office building LAN covers a small region of space typically a single building, schools or at home

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

It connects LANs in city or A collection of LANs with the same geographically area for instant a city MAN across long distances can be best connected using fibre optic

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

Network that covers large geographic area using many types of media Internet is worlds largest WAN Can be a collection of Lans or wans or the mix of two with a very large geographical area for instant a country or even beyond the border Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
There are four types of network topologies
Star topology Ring topology Bus topology Tree topology

STAR TOPOLOGY:
In this Topology one computer sends data

to control point. From there it can go to all computers. The computer for which the data is meant for will receive the data. This is the topology which is commonly used nowadays. If a switch or a hub of Topology fails, all the computers on that switch or hub will not be able to come on the network. If one link or one computer fails, it will not have any effect on the network.

RING TOPOLOGY
In this topology, the cable forms a loop. In this type of a network, all the stations are connected

in the form of a ring using repeaters. The repeater recognises whether the data is meant for the particular station or not, that is, the repeater has address recognition capability. Also the repeater regenerates the signal if it has become weak. Note that this repeater (in this case) is different from the repeater used for connecting stations at long distances. If the ring breaks or if the repeater fails, the full network will be dead. The cabling system is active and the ring is an active ring. Even if there is any problem with any station, then the full network can go down. One of the stations (Computer) is assigned the job of MONITORING, if the Monitor Station itself fails, then any other station in the ring can become the Monitor.

BUS TOPOLOGY:
The server can be located anywhere on the bus. It is compulsory that the two ends of the bus are

terminated; otherwise the network will not work. Normally the type of wire used is coaxial cable. If there is a break in the wire, the full network will go down, because termination will not be there. The cable used is called RG 58 For connecting to individual machines, T-connectors can be used. In the bus topology you can put a maximum of 100 computers per segment of 500 meter's. The spacing between computers should be in multiples of 2.5 meter's and if this is not followed, the signal strength might reduce because the signal strength can vary between "nodes and internodes" along the length of the cable.

TREE TOPOLOGY
It is a modification of the bus topology and as far as working is concerned, it is the same as bus topology.
In both the cases the maximum distance limit is

185/500 meters.

APPLICATIONS OF NETWORKS
Resource Sharing Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) Software (application software) Information Sharing Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)

Communication Email
Message broadcast

Remote computing Distributed processing (GRID Computing)