Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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CHAPTER 2
NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE
MEASURES
Rule
Coefficient of Correlation
Pitfalls in Numerical Descriptive Measures and
Ethical Issues
Summary Measures
Mean Mode
Median Range Coefficient of
Variation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Measures of Central Tendency
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Central Tendency
Mean Median X = ( X × X
1 2
Mode
× ... × X n )1/ n
n
X i
Geometric Mean
X i 1
n
N
X i
i 1
N
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
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n Sample Size
X i
X1 X 2 L X n
PopulationX
mean
i 1
n n
N Population Size
X i
X1 X 2 L X N
i 1
N N
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
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The Most Common Measure of Central )
Tendency
Affected by Extreme Values (Outliers)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Mean = 5 Mean = 6
m
j 1
j fj
X
n
n sample size
c number of classes in the frequency distribution
m j midpoint of the jth class
f j frequencies of the jth class
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Median
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Median = 5 Median = 5
In an Ordered Array, the Median is the ‘Middle’
Number
If n or N is odd, the median is the middle number
If n or N is even, the median is the average of the 2 middle
numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No Mode
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Mode = 9
Geometric Mean
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X G X 1 X 2 L X n
1/ n
RG 1 R1 1 R2 L 1 Rn
1/ n
1
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Quartiles
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Variation
Measure of Variation
Difference between the Largest and the Smallest
Observations:
Range = 12 - 7 = 5 Range = 12 - 7 = 5
7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11
12 12
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Interquartile Range
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Measure of Variation
Also Known as Midspread
Spread in the middle 50%
Difference between the First and Third Quartiles
DataAffected
Not in Ordered
byArray: 11 Values
Extreme 12 13 16 16 17 17 18 21
Interquartile Range Q3 Q1 17.5 12.5 5
X X
2
i
S2 i 1
n 1
Population Variance:
N
X
2
i
2 i 1
N
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Standard Deviation
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X X
2
i
S i 1
X
2
i
i 1
m X fj
2
j
j 1
S
n 1
n sample size
c number of classes in the frequency distribution
m j midpoint of the jth class
f frequencies of the jth class
j Inc.
© 2003 Prentice-Hall,
Comparing Standard Deviations
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Data B
Mean = 15.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 s = .9258
Data C
Mean = 15.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 s = 4.57
Stock A:
Average price last year = $50
Standard deviation = $2
Stock B:
Average price last year = $100
Standard deviation = $5
Coefficient of Variation:
Stock A:
S $2
CV 100% 100% 4%
Stock B: X $50
S $5
CV 100% 100% 5%
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. X $100
Shape of a Distribution
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Box-and-Whisker
Graphical display of data using 5-number summary
4 6 8 10 12
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Distribution Shape &
Box-and-Whisker
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Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1Q2Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
Chap
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3-25
Stem-and-leaf display
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY
ON AN APTITUDE TEST
112 72 69 97 107
73 92 76 86 73
126 128 118 127 124
82 104 132 134 83
92 108 96 100 92
115 76 91 102 81
95 141 81 80 106
84 119 113 98 75
68 98 115 106 95
100 85 94 106 119
Chap
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3-26
Stem-and-leaf display
Number of questions Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Chap
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3-27
The Empirical Rule
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X i X Yi Y
r i 1
n n
X X Y Y
2 2
i i
i 1 i 1
Unit Free
Ranges between –1 and 1
The Closer to –1, the Stronger the Negative Linear
Relationship
The Closer to 1, the Stronger the Positive Linear
Relationship
The Closer to 0, the Weaker Any Linear
Relationship
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Scatter Plots of Data with Various
C
Correlation Coefficients
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Y Y Y
X X
r = -1 r = -.6 r=0 X
Y Y
X X
r = .6 r=1
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pitfalls in Numerical Descriptive
Measures and Ethical Issues
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