Power System Studies June 2011

PURPOSE
This Training Module describe the method for the preparation of load flow and short circuit calculations and is intended to assure uniformity of all load flow and short circuit calculations.

SCOPE
This training module is for T&D Engineers and applies to all T&D projects conforming to CSA and ANSI Standards.

DEFINITIONS
service voltage: The voltage at the point where the electric system of the supplier and the electric system of the user are connected. utilization voltage: The voltage at the line terminals of utilization equipment. nominal utilization voltage: The voltage rating of certain utilization equipment used on the system.

DEFINITIONS
System voltage classes low voltage: A class of nominal system voltages less than 1000 V. medium voltage: A class of nominal system voltages equal to or greater than 1000 V and less than 100 000 V. high voltage: A class of nominal system voltages equal from 100 000 V to 230 000 V

DEFINITIONS
Load flow calculation - Determination of node voltages, branch current and real and reactive power flows in an electric network under steady state condition, in which short circuit impedance(s) of the driving point source(s) are ignored. An assessment of the adequacy of calculated voltages and equipment current or kVA rating, based on voltage acceptance criteria and comparison with calculated equipment loading, respectively, is an integral part of a load flow calculation.

DEFINITIONS (Cont d)
Short circuit calculation - A calculation that determines, based on applicable industry standards and application guidelines, the available short-circuit current duties that would be imposed on various equipment and short circuit protective devices of an electrical circuit in the event of occurrence of a short circuit fault. The results of the calculation are then used to establish the minimum required short-circuit current ratings of equipment. For an existing system, the results of short circuit current calculations are used to assess or confirm the adequacy of equipment shortcircuit current ratings.

RESPONSIBILITIES
T&D LEAD ENGINEER (TLE) The Project T&D Lead Engineer is responsible for the preparation and review of the load flow and short circuit calculation.

PROCEDURE
GENERAL

The T&D Lead Engineer shall establish the one-line diagrams, perform equipment sizing calculation in accordance with applicable guidelines and obtain the necessary data to perform the calculations. It is essential that the one-line diagrams and load analysis be established as early as possible on a project, since they will be the basis of all electrical work, including this calculation.

PROCEDURE (Cont d)
Load Flow Calculations
Except for the case of an electric network with only two nodes, it is impractical to use hand calculations to perform load flow calculations. In all practical applications it is necessary that a computer program such as ETAP, EDSA, DAPPER, PSS/U, etc. be used to perform load flow calculations. And, unless the choice of computer program is specified by a client, Wardrop s preferred computer program, ETAP PowerStation, shall be used in all projects.

PROCEDURE (Cont d)
Short Circuit Calculations
Although it is theoretically possible to use manual calculations to perform short circuit calculations for a multi node electrical network consisting of rotating machines, utility source, transformers and cables, the necessary number of arithmetic operations, potential for making errors, and the effort and time required for reviewing the calculations make it necessary to use a computer program such as ETAP, EDSA, DAPPER, PSS/U, etc. to perform short circuit calculations. And, unless the choice of computer program is specified by a client, Wardrop s preferred computer program, ETAP PowerStation, shall be used on all projects.

OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE The Objective/Purpose of the calculation are as the following:

1. Select Transformer impedance and tap setting which would satisfy electrical distribution system minimum and maximum voltage acceptance criteria and which would also result in acceptable short circuit level at the Medium Voltage (MV) switchgear.

2. Select Station Service Transformer (SST) tap setting and impedance which would satisfy electrical distribution system minimum and maximum voltage acceptance criteria and which would also result in acceptable short circuit level at the Low Voltage (LV) switchgear buses.

3. Calculate the minimum steady state voltages at the MV switchgear and LV switchgear buses under maximum design running load and minimum source voltage condition to ensure that the calculated voltages satisfy the minimum steady state voltage acceptance criteria established in this calculation.

4. Calculate the maximum steady state voltages at the HV,MV, and LV switchgear buses under minimum running load and maximum source voltage condition to ensure that the calculated voltages satisfy the maximum steady state voltage acceptance criteria established in this calculation.

5. Calculate the maximum three-phase bolted short circuit current duties at the MV switchgear and LV switchgear buses at maximum service voltage under design running load and maximum system short circuit level condition, so as to provide, based on the calculated short circuit current duties, minimum short circuit current rating data for specification and procurement of MV switchgear and LV switchgear buses.

6. Calculate the maximum single phase-to-ground bolted short circuit current at the MV switchgear and LV switchgear buses at maximum service voltage under design running load and maximum system short circuit level condition, so as to provide, based on the calculated ground fault, minimum short circuit current rating data for specification and procurement of MV switchgear and LV switchgear buses.

7. Determine the maximum running load on the Transformer based on maximum design running load and minimum source voltage condition, so as to ensure that the running load is within the transformer rating at the minimum operating voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer, as determined in objective 3, above.

8. Determine the maximum running load on the Station Service Transformers based on maximum design running load and minimum source voltage condition, so as to ensure that the running load is within the transformers ratings at the minimum operating voltage at the secondary winding of the transformers, as determined in objective 3, above.

REFERENCEs
The References of the calculation shall include a listing of each project document, design criteria, procedure and other sources used in the calculation. When a reference is called out elsewhere in the calculation, an abbreviated description of the document shall be indicated with the reference number in parentheses. See example below: The short circuit calculation methodology for MV switchgear breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis follows guidelines of ANSI/IEEE C37.010 (Ref. x.x).

In addition to project-related specific references, the following references shall be included: 1. Electrical One-line diagrams [List drawing and their revision numbers] 2. Project Design Data. 3. IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (Red Book). 4. IEEE C57.12.00-2000, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers. (ANSI)

5. ANSI/IEEE C37.13-1990, IEEE Standard for LowVoltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures. 6. ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1999, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis. 7. ANSI C37.06-2000, AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities.

INPUTS
The Inputs of the calculation should include as a minimum the following:

INPUTS (Cont d)
1. One-line Diagrams. [Add drawing No s.] 2. Maximum and minimum switchyard voltage (from Utility or Transmission Interconnection Impact Study) Reference source of data. 3. The positive-sequence and zero-sequence short circuit impedances or available three-phase and single-phase-toground short circuit currents and their associated phase angles at the switchyard (from Utility or Transmission Interconnection Impact Study) Reference source of data.

INPUTS SECTION (Cont d)

4. MV switchgear bus Design loads Reference Equipment Sizing Calculation. 5. LV load centers Design loads Reference Equipment Sizing Calculation.

INPUTS SECTION (Cont d)

6. Transformer nameplate rating, nominal impedance and MVA base Reference one line diagram, Transformer Sizing Calculation or Transmission Interconnection Impact Study. 7. Transformer tap setting Reference one line diagram, Transformer Sizing calculation or Transmission Interconnection Impact Study. 8. SST rating and nominal impedance Reference Equipment Sizing Calculation

INPUTS SECTION (Cont d)

9. HV Circuit Breaker continuous and short circuit current ratings Reference one line diagram, Circuit Breaker continuous and short circuit current rating calculation or CB vendor submittal data. 10. Transformer impedance X/R ratio Reference transformer Sizing Calculation.

INPUTS SECTION (Cont d)

11. SST transformer impedance X/R ratio Note: use, and state as such, typical values from Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) PowerStation computer software program [change to other software program, as required, and specify vendor version and level and its associated Stone & Webster EL number, version and level] library. 12. Sizes and lengths of cables from transformer to MV switchgear bus

ASSUMPTIONS
The following Assumptions shall be considered as a minimum:

ASSUMPTIONS SECTION (cont d)

1. For steady state load flow analysis, resistance of cables at 90 C conductor temperature is used. This is a conservative assumption and does not require confirmation. 2. For short circuit current calculations, resistance of cables at 25 C conductor temperature is used. This is a conservative assumption and does not require confirmation. 3. For conservatism, the positive tolerance of transformer impedance is used in steady state load flow analysis.

ASSUMPTIONS SECTION (cont d) 4. Also for conservatism, the negative tolerance of transformer impedance is used in short circuit current calculations.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY

The Basis/Methodology include as a minimum the following:

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
1. The base model of the transformer station or AC electrical power distribution system of the facility, from the high voltage switchyard down to the LV switchgear/panel buses, shall be developed using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) PowerStation computer software program [change to other software program, as required, and specify vendor version and level].

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
The model shall include high voltage switchyard short circuit level, Transformer, HV Circuit Breaker, Station Service Transformer , MV switchgear buses, load center transformers, feeds from MV buses to load center transformers, LV switchgear/panel buses including their feeder cables, and LV design lumped loads. The LV design lumped loads are modeled as constant kVA loads, with sub-transient and transient reactance of 20% and 50%, respectively, and X/R ratio of 6.6. The inputs to the model shall be taken from the input of the calculation.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d) 2. Using the base model and the load flow calculation module of the program, perform a steady state load flow simulation at 1.0 per unit source voltage (Study case LF0) to determine the power flow to the LV switchgear buses.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
3. Calculate the differences between the design loads of the LV switchgear/panel buses and the calculated power flows to the LV switchgear/panel buses, as determined in Study case LF0, and modify the base case model by placing a lumped load, which is equal to the calculated difference between design and calculated loads, at each LV switchgear/panel bus, so as to ensure that the power flow to each LV switchgear/panel bus is equal to its design load.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d) 4. Using the modified model, as described in 3., above, and the load flow calculation module of the program, perform a steady state load flow simulation at 1.0 per unit source voltage (Study case LF1) to determine the power flow to the MV switchgear buses.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
5. Calculate the differences between the design loads of the MV switchgear buses and the calculated power flows to the MV switchgear buses, as determined in Study case LF1, and further modify the model by placing a lumped load, which is equal to the calculated difference between design and calculated loads, at each MV switchgear bus, so as to ensure that the power flow to each MV switchgear bus is equal to its design load.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d) 6. The following acceptance criteria shall be used to determine the acceptability of calculated maximum and minimum steady state bus voltages:

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
Bus
MV (13800 V) Switchgear Bus MV (6900 V) Switchgear Bus MV (4160 V) Switchgear Bus LV (600 V) Switchgear Bus

Max. Allowable Steady State Voltage Volts (pu)

Min. Required Steady State Voltage Volts (pu)

14490 (1.05) 7245 (1.05) 4368 (1.05) 636 (1.05)

12420 (0.90) 6210 (0.90) 3744 (0.90)

540 (0.90) Note 1

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
Note 1: This value shall be used to determine maximum
allowable lengths for cables that feed 600 V load fed from LV switchgear buses

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
7. Using the modified model, as described in item 5, above, and the load flow calculation module of the program, perform a steady state load flow simulation at minimum driving point source voltage (Study case LF2), with bus ties open, to determine the minimum steady state voltages, branch currents and real and reactive power flows under maximum design running loads and minimum source voltage condition. (Note: use 0.95 pu voltage when generator is the driving point source, use minimum switchyard voltage when switchyard is the driving point source.)

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
8. Compare the calculated voltages and transformer loadings from study case LF2 with minimum voltage acceptance criteria and transformer ratings, respectively, to determine acceptability of results. If the voltage acceptance criteria are not satisfied, adjust SST or Load center transformer taps, impedances or both, and rerun study case LF2 to determine if acceptance criteria are satisfied. (Note: if a -2.5% on the high voltage winding side of SST or load center transformer does not result in acceptable voltages, then increase transformer rating or reduce transformer impedance, instead of lowering the tap to -5%, for a -5% tap would most likely lead to unacceptable high voltages under light load condition.)

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
9. Repeat step 8, above, until voltage and transformer loading acceptance criteria are satisfied. Tabulate final minimum steady state voltages and transformer loading in the results section of the calculation.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY (cont d)
10. Using the final model developed in step 9, above, and the short circuit calculation module of the program, perform a short circuit calculation simulation run at 1.05 per unit prefault bus voltages, study case SC1, to calculate the available bolted three-phase short circuit current duties at the MV and LV switchgear buses, and tabulate the calculated duties in the results section of the calculation, so that they could be used in equipment short circuit current rating specifications.

BASIS/METHODOLOGY(cont d)
11. If the acceptance criteria steady state voltages, transformer loading and required equipment (MV switchgear and LV switchgear and LV MCC s) short circuit rating being within standard available equipment are not satisfied by the results of the calculations performed in accordance with this guidelines, the discipline chief engineer and project T&D lead engineer shall be consulted, so that appropriate mitigating actions such as relaxation of source voltage minimum and maximum range, design modification, use of non-standard switchgear short circuit rating, on-load tap changer, special requirements for transformer over-excitation capability, estimated low voltage cable lengths based on physical layout, etc., with due consideration of their attendant impact on project cost and schedule and client acceptance, could be pursued and an acceptable system design is developed.