WATER TREATMENT &TECHNIQUES

Ali Haydar TA

Where does the water come from?

Surface Waters (lakes, rivers, and reservoirs) Groundwater (wells)

Water Treatment
Usually surface waters include biological, chemical, and physical contaminants. Water treatment describes to remove contaminants and organisms through a combination of biological, chemical, and physical processes to make it safe for drinking. Some of these occur in the natural environment, whereas others occur in engineered and constructed water treatment plants . Water treatment can use for drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses.

Water Treatment Techniques

1. Raw Water Storage (Presedimentation) 2. Aeration 3. Mixing and Coagulation 4. Flocculation 5. Sedimentation 6. Filtration 7. Disinfection 8. Storage

Water Treatment Process

Ozonation Aeration Coagulant, pH Adjustment Disinfectant (Cl2, NaOCl)

Raw Water Storage Water Source

Mixing

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration Storage

Distribution

1. Raw Water Storage (Presedimentation) Advantages: Heavy particles settle Turbidity decrease Improvement taste and smell Color Improvement Water stabilization occurs Hardness can decrease (due to algas) Reduction in the number of coliforms

1. Raw Water Storage (Presedimentation) Disadvantages:

Growth of algae ;
Deterioration of taste and smell

Anaerobic decomposition;
Deterioration of taste and smell

Deterioration water quality (Temperature Layers)

2.Aeration
Aeration (also called aerification) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in water.

2.Aeration
Objectives:
1. To increase O2 :
1. 2. For Fe++ and Mn++ oxidation To remove ammonium (NH4+ )

2. 3. 4. 5.

To remove or to gain CO2 To remove hydrogen sulfide (H2O) To elimination methane To remove volatile oils and chemical substances 6. For disinfection(ozone and chlorine)

2.Aeration
Classification of Aeration:
1. Air Diffusion Type 2. Waterfall Type 3. Spray Nozzle 4. Air Lift

2.Aeration
1.Air Diffusion Type

2. Waterfall Type (Cascade)

2.Aeration
3.Spray Nozzles 4.Air Lift

3. Mixing and Coagulation

Coagulation: Alum ,clay and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particles, called floc, that attract dirt particles. Mixing: After chemicals added water rapidly mixed by accelerators or hydraulic methods.

3. Mixing with Hydraulic Methods

Hydraulic mixing in water flow. a) Channel with baffles, b) Overflow weir, c) Hydraulic jump.

3. Mixing and Coagulation

Application of clay as a coagulant yields the following results:
Reduction of turbidity; No effect on ph value; An initial mineral taste, later on normal; No effect on bacteria count (more conclusive research is not available).

Potential health hazards:

 Clays contain traces of heavy metals

 Viruses survive in the settled sludge.

4.Flocculation
Chemicals called coagulants and/or filter aids are added to the water and mixed in (flocculated) to make the fine particles stick together to form bigger particles that can better settle out or be filtered out more effectively. The purpose of this step is to improve the performance of the remaining treatment processes.

4.Flocculation
Hydraulic mixing in flocculation tank. a) Vertical flow b) Horizontal flow.

5.Sedimentation
Remove large suspended particles by reducing velocity of incoming water and allowing gravity to settle out heavy particles. The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and clear water moves off the top to the filtration chamber.

5.Sedimentation Tank
Ideally, the tank may be divided into four distinct zones: 1. Inlet Zone: In this zone, the entering water is spread out uniformly and at low turbulence over the entire cross-section of the tank . 2. Settling zone: Portion of the tank where sedimentation occurs. 3. Outlet zone: Slow uniform drawoff of the clarified water from the settling zone. The outward progression of the flow shall not disturb the settling process. 4. Sludge zone: Collection of the deposits. If the sludge is to slide down by itself, the floor of the tank should be sloped 45. The draw off occurs at a sludge drain.

5.Sedimentation Tank

6.Filtration
There are several methods of filtration used in water treatment. The selection of which type to use is generally a function of the raw water quality. As filtration implies, water flows through a material that removes particles, organisms, and/or contaminants..

6.Filtration
The material used is most often a granular medium such as sand, crushed anthracite coal, or activated carbon. Some facilities layer different types and sizes of media. Along with varying the size and type of filter media, facilities are also designed to operate at different flow rates through the filter media. Traditional filtration plants include slow sand filtration, high-rate filtration,diatomaceous earth filtration, and membrane filters

6.Filtration:Sand Filters

6.Filtration:Slow Sand Filters

Simple filtration technology Low construction and operation cost Excellent removal of pathogenic organisms Good removal of turbidity Low energy consumption Minimal sludge handling Does not need constant operator attention

6.Filtration:Sand Filters
Filtration Rate

Must be constant
Stop-start operation impairs filtrate quality

Input Water Quality

Low in sediment Free of algae particles

Algae forms a surface mat and high head loss

Increasing turbidity levels

6.Filtration:Sand Filters
Criteria
Filtration rate (m3/m2/hr.) Particle size of sand (mm) Bed sand thickness (m) Water heigth (m) Cleaning type Effective layers Construction Cost Operation Cost Life of the facility Rapid Sand Filters 5-15 0,5-2 0,5-2 0,25-2 Back washing All layers Lower High Short-term Slow Sand Filters 0,1-0,5 0,15-0,35 0,6-1,2 1-1,5 Scrapping Top layer High Lower Long-term

6.Filtration:Membrane Filters
Membrane filtration widely used in last 10 years. It occurs by forcing water through a membrane barrier. A membrane is like a high-tech coffee filter. As water under pressure flows through the membrane, contaminants and organisms are captured on the membrane and not allowed to pass through. Membranes are not well suited to highly contaminated source waters because the solid materials clog up the membrane almost immediately.

6.Filtration:Membrane Filters

7.Disinfection
Filtration and the steps prior to filtration focus on the physical removal of contaminants in the water. In addition to physical removal, it is still important to provide chemical disinfection. Disinfectants used include chlorine, chloramines (chlorine plus ammonia), ozone, ultraviolet light, and chlorine dioxide.

7.Disinfection:Chlorination
The advantage of chlorination is that it continues to kill bacteria as water moves through pipes to the tap. Its disadvantage is the possibility of disinfection by-products. Excess chlorine in water can combine with organic material in the water to form substances such as trihalomethanes, which can cause liver, kidney, or central nervous system problems, and are linked to an increased risk of cancer over a lifetime exposure.

7.Disinfection:Chlorination
Viruses and giardia are effectively killed by chlorine. Over time, scientists have found that some organisms such as Cryptosporidium are resistant to chlorine. Alternative disinfectants such as ozone and ultraviolet light do appear to be effective at killing Cryptosporidium.

7.Disinfection:Chlorination Process
Chlorine is applied to water in one of three forms: elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), hypochlorite solution (bleach), or dry calcium hypochlorite. All three forms produce free chlorine in water. Based on exposing a microorganism for an amount of time with a minimum amount of disinfectant Rough calculation of the amount of time spent in a reactor is based on the reactor volume and the flow rate: Time = volume/flow rate

7.Disinfection:Ozonation
Ozone is the strongest oxidant/disinfectant available. More effective against microbes than chlorination.

But, costly and difficult to monitor and control under different condition.

7.Disinfection:Ozonation

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION 7.Disinfection:Ultraviolet Radiation

When UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it damages genetic material, and prevents the cell from reproducing. Now a days emerging technology made UV radiation to find a place in both household and large scale drinking water disinfection. Expensive Energy Intensive May require additional chlorination if necessary

7.Disinfection:Ultraviolet Radiation

8.Storage
Aftre disinfection water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir where it flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community. Stored water must be taken for granted and to be confident about stored water quality you need to check it.

COMPLETE CYCLE OF WATER TREATMENT:

COAGULATION

STORAGE SEDIMENTATION FILTRATION DISINFECTION

Thank you!
Ali Haydar TA