STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

Presented by: Anjana PGDM 2011-2013

STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

Statistical quality control is one of the very important application of statistical technique in the field of industry . It was introduced by Mr. W.A Shewhart of the Bell Telephone company of U.S.A in 1924, He introduced the idea of process control with the help of control chart ,

 Statistica1 quality control (SQC) is the term used to describe the set of statistical tools used by quality professionals.

Statistical quality control can be divided into three broad categories

 Descriptive statistics = are used

to describe quality characteristics and relationships. Included are statistics such as the mean standard deviation, the range and a measure of the distribution of data

 Statistical process control (SPC) involves inspecting a random sample of the output from a process and deciding whether the process is producing products twitch characterizes that fall within a predetermined range. SPC answers the question of whether the process is functioning properly or not

 Acceptance sampling is the process of randomly inspecting a sample of goods deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results. Acceptance sampling determines whether a batch of goods should be accepted or rejected. The tools in each of these categories provide different types of information for use in analyzing quality

Control Charts
A control chart (also called process chart or quality control chart) is a graph that shows whether a sample of data falls within the common or normal range of variation . A control chart has upper and lower control limits that separate common from assignable causes of variation The common range of variation is defined by the use of control chart limits. We say that a process is out of control when a plot of data reveals that one or more samples fall outside the control limits.

 Control charts are one of the most commonly used tools in statistical process control. They can be used to measure any characteristic of a product, such as the weight of a cereal box, The number of chocolates in a box, or the volume of bottled water. The different characteristics that can be measured by control charts can be divided into two gropes variables and attributes. A control chart for variables is used to monitor characteristics that can be measured and have a continuum of values, such as height,

Mean(x-bar) charts
Mean (x-Bar) Charts A mean control chart is often referred to as an x-bar chart. It is used to monitor changes in the mean of a process To construct a mean chart we first need to construct the center line of the chart To do this we take multiple samples and compute their means. Usually these samples are small, with about four or five observations. Each sample has its own mean, . The center line of the chart is then computed as the mean of all x-bar sample means

 Constructing an X-bar Chart: A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz soft drink company has taken three samples with four observations each of the volume of bottles filled. If the standard deviation of the bottling operation is .2 ounces, use the below data to develop control charts with limits of 3 standard deviations for the 16 oz. bottling operation.

Observation TIME =1 Observation1 Observation2 Observation3 Sample means bar

SAMPLE RANGE 15.8

TIME=2
16.1

TIME=3
16.0

16.0

16.0

15.9

15.8

15.8

15.9

15.875

15.975

15.9

0.2

0.2

0.2

Center line &control limit formulas

Center line &control limits

15.875  15.975  15.9 x! ! 15.92 3

.2 ! 16.22 ! 15.92  3 4 .2 ! 15.92  3 ! 15.62 4

UCL x ! x  z LCL x ! x  z

 R- CHART= THIS Chart is constructed for controlling the variation in the dispersion or variability of the quality stander of the product in a production process, P-CHART= This chart is constructed for controlling the quality standard in the average fraction defective of the products in a process when the observed sample items are classified in to defectives &non defective

ATTRIBUTES
Np-chart = This chart is constructed for controlling the quality standard of attribute in a process where the sample size is equal &its required to plot the no of defective(np) in sample instead of fraction defective(p) C-CHART= C Chart is used for the control of NO of defects per unit say a piece of cloth/glass/paper/ bottle which may contain more than one defect.