For Internal Use Only

The Exploration of the Mysterious World of WCDMA

05.2009

UMTS Custom Service Department

For Internal Use Only

The Origin of WCDMA

Background


Nowadays, information exists everywhere in the world. Large amount of multimedia such as pictures, voices and data makes the present 2G telecom network overloaded, and it has quite a long way to go to meet more and more service demand of the users. In such condition the 3rd mobile telecom system(3G), which can provide many types of multimedia service with high quality, cover the whole world seamlessly with the ability of globeroaming , be compatible with the fixed net and make any kind of telecom anywhere at anytime with the small-size portable terminal. WCDMA has become one of the main-stream standard of 3rd telecom system.

Contents Summary

For Internal Use Only

Summary of the system

Network Structure

Concept of Channel

Basic Theories

Key Tech

Welcome to the Mysterious World of WCDMA

For Internal Use Only

First, please allow me to introduce myself. My name is WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access and it is my honor to become one of the major standards of the 3rd mobile telecom with TD SCDMA CDMA2000 and Wimax.

In the following part, I will lead you to explore my world and unveil WCDMA Are you ready?

Lets roll out!

The Advancement of WCDMA

For Internal Use Only

System with Bigger Capacity

TDMA:FDMA=5:1 CDMA:TDMA=4:1 CDMA:FDMA=20:1

Reducing the operating cost of the carriers

Smooth Transition from 2G to 3G

Based on the net transition of GSM/GPRS, the core net can keep the compatibility with GSM/GPRS. Reducing the net-building cost of the carriers efficiently

Lower Terminal Transmitting Power

20mW inside 300mW outside Low radiation green longer standby time of the terminal.

For Internal Use Only High speed move(120km/h): 144 kbps Walking rate(3km/h) : 384 kbps

Faster Data Transition Tate

inside: 2 Mbps HSDPA : 14.4 Mbps HSUPA : 5.76Mbps

Adopting the AMR speech code, it provides the voice

Telecom with Better Quality

quality as good as that provided by fixed network. Improving the phone experience of the user, up-level the users' acceptance of WCDMA network and meet the Qos operating demand of the carrier

Audio phone, video phone, multimedia message service, SMS

Various kinds of services

Video on-demand mobile Email, mobile internet access Let you enjoy the noblest 3G life and meet your demanding for mobile life!

Service Supported by WCDMA

For Internal Use Only

Conversational

It shortens the delay between port and port ,and the amount of service on ports is symmetric or nearly symmetric, with the delay between port and port less than 400ms. Application AMR voice service picture phone

Streaming

The application of streaming is antisymmetric, and it can bear longer delay and transmitting variation. It can make smooth variation easily though buffer. Application video on-demand audio on-demand

Interactive

The feature is that the terminal user uses the ask-response module, and the news-receiving port looks forward for the coming of the news (response). The come- and-go delay is a key attribute. Application website browsing database indexing

The accepting port does not look forward for the coming of the data, that is unsentiveness. However, the data should be received correctly.

Background

Application Email

data downloading

SMS MMS

Infinite Imagination Infinite Possibility

For Internal Use Only

Who says distance obstruct love?

Who says bedroom is not meeting room?

W C D M A

Let you be Who says child cant accompany me all the time? a owner
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Contents Summary

For Internal Use Only

Summary of the System

Network Structure

Concept of Channel

Basic Theories

Key Tech

The Transition Direction of Mobile Telecom Technology

LTE GSM/GPRS WCDMA FDD TDD

For Internal Use Only

LTE

HSPA+

HSPA WCDMA /HSDPA GPRS / EDGE GSM

16K~144K (bps) UL: 384K DL:384K (bps) UL:384K DL:3.6M (bps) UL:5.76M DL:14.4M (bps) UL:11.5M DL:43.2M (bps)

UL:86.4M DL: 326M (bps)

1999-2002

2003-2005

2006-2008

2009-2010

2011-2012

2013-????

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The Standardization Association of WCDMA3GPP 3GPP 3th Generation Partner Project

3GPP2

For Internal Use Only

3GPP was built up in December,1998, formed by ETSI of Europe, ARIB of Japan, TTA of Korea and T1 of USA and so on. 3GPP2 3th Generation Partnership Project 2 Later, in Jan.1999,3GPP2 was built up officially too, formed by TIA of USA,ARIB of Japan and TTA of Korea and so on.

UpUp-grade WCDMA Version

R99 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

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WCDMA Physical Layer SolutionCDMA

Application TACS AMPS
Application: GSM DAMPS Application

For Internal Use Only

CDMA WCDMA

FDMA Talkers enter the same room to communicate, not disturbing people talking in other rooms
Low utilization ratio of radio resource Complex hand-off exchange Bad adoptability for new technology

TDMA
All the talkers enter one room, and everyone speaks one sentence each time without any disturbance. High utilization ratio of radio resource Easy hand-off exchange (roaming)

CDMA
All the talkers enter one room, and speak in different languages (code). They can talk clearly although the existence of the disturbance. Highest utilization ratio of radio resource The attribute of soft hand-off and soft capacity

Be adopted in mobile telecom widely

Freq uenc y

Freq uenc y

Fre que ncy Ti me

FDMA
Image the channel as different rooms

Tim e

Cod e TDMA wor Image the channel as d only one big room

Tim e

CDMA

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WCDMA Duplex Technology

FDD TDD is formed by two bands. One of them provides message transmission from Node B to MS, while another one offers the inverse

For Internal Use Only

message transmission. Actually, the two bands are used at intervals as pairs. WCDMA system in our country adopts FDD duplex technology. TDD Tips: MC is formed by USIM card and UE.

Message from NodeB to MS and inverse message are transmitted in different timeslot. This duplex way can allocate the forward and reverse channel, especially suitable for the system with antisymmetric forward and reverse service.

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Brief Introduction of WCDMA System

For Internal Use Only

  

 

Signal Bandwidth 5MHz Chip Rate 3.84Mcps Power Control: Closed loop and external ring power control of up and down link Band Used 1920 1980MHz at up link, 2110 2170MHz at down link Mode of Operation supporting synchronous/asynchronous NodeB operating mode. Encoding Mode Convolution code and Turbo code Modulating Mode BPSK at up link, QPSK at down link

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Contents Summary

For Internal Use Only

Summary of System

Network Structure

Concept of Channel

Basic Theories

Key Tech

Network Structure of WCDMA System

Core Network Iu RNS Iur RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B RNC Iub Node B RNS Iu

For Internal Use Only

Uu

UE

UE

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Tips
CS Domain Circuit Switch Domain PS Domain Packet Switch Domain

CN
CS Domain: formed by MSC and other equipments PS Domain SGSN GGSN

For Internal Use Only

Iu

UTRAN RNC
Core Function Iub Managing Radio Resource Iub

NodeB
Formed by radio frequency front end, base band transceiver unit, control unit ,interface circuit and so on

NodeB
It provides radio transceiver service for mobile users and achieves the exchange of message transmission format among radio channels.

Uu

Uu

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WCDMA Air Interface

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance GC C-plane signalling Nt DC UuS boundary U-plane information

Uu

For Internal Use Only

Uu can be divided into three layers of protocols

RRC

control

L3
Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP

control

control

control control

L1 L2

physical layer data link layer

L2/PDCP
BMC

L2/BMC

Media Access Controller Radio Link Controller

RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

RLC

L2/RLC

Packet Data Convergence Protocol Broadcast/Multicast Controller

Logical Channels MAC

L3

L2/MAC
Transport Channels

Network layer

PHY

L1

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For Internal Use Only

Major Function of Uu

Management of broadcasting, paging and RNS connection. Decision and enforcement of handoff and power Management of radio resource and message-control Handle the message of base band and radio frequency

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The Interface of WCDMA System Iub

Interface Protocol
Radio Network Control Plane Transport Network Control Plane User Plane

For Internal Use Only

Horizontally, it is divided into radio network layer and transport network layer. Vertically, it is divided into radio network control plane, transport network control plane and user plane.
The major function of NBAP protocol are Common NBAP C-NBAP and Dedicated NBAP D-NBAP FP protocol is frame protocol which is applied in user plane of lub, and it is divided into CFP, associating Common Transport Channel and DFP, associating dedicated transport Channel.
AAL Type 2 C PCH FP U SC H FP D SC H FP PC H FP FAC H FP RAC H FP D CH FP

Radio Network Layer

Node B Application Part (NBAP)

ALCAP Q.2630.1 Q.2150.2

Transport Layer

SSCF-UNI SSCOP AAL Type 5

SSCF-UNI SSCOP AAL Type 5 ATM Physical Layer

SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol support simple and reliable transport connection from point to point, only used for control, not for data transportation ALCAP Access Link Control Application Protocol

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For Internal Use Only

Interface of WCDMA System Iu-CS, Iu-PS

Radio Network Layer Control Plane RANAP User Plane Iu UP Protocol Layer
Radio Network Layer Control Plane RANAP User Plane Iu UP Protocol Layer

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Q.2630.1

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

SCCP

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5

Q.2150.1
MTP3-B

M3UA SCTP SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCOP IP AAL5 GTP-U UDP IP AAL5

MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 AAL2

ATM Physical Layer

ATM Physical Layer

ATM Physical Layer

Iu-CS

Iu-PS

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Interface of WCDMA System Iur

The protocol Function of Iur
Radio Network Layer Control Plane RNSAP

For Internal Use Only

User Plane Iur Data Stream(s)

Management of transport network Service management of common transport channel preparation of common transport channel resource, paging. Service management of dedicated transport channel report of establishment ,addition, deletion and measurement of radio link Service management of downlink shared transport channel establishment ,addition, deletion of radio link and capacity allocating

Transport Transport Network User Plane Network Layer

SCCP MTP3-B SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 M3UA SCTP IP

Transport Network Control Plane

ALCAP(Q.2630.1)

Transport Network User Plane

STC (Q.2150.1)

MTP3-B SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5

M3UA SCTP IP AAL2

ATM Physical Layer

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Contents Summary

For Internal Use Only

Summary of System

Network Structure

Concept of Channel

Basic Theories

Key Tech

Key Tech of WCDMA Band Spreading

For Internal Use Only

Band Spreading is a tech to spread the spectrum of the signal and transport
Based on the formula of channel capacity (shammon formula)

C = WLog2(1+S/N)
C Message transport rate S/N SNR Wwidth of band spread W C raising SNR Basic feature of band spreading telecom The width of band of message transported is much wider than that of the message itself The basic idea and theories of band spreading telecom Using the tech of broad band transmission to improve the SNR

The Feature of Band Spreading

 Strong ability to resist multipath interference  Resisting the disturbance from burst  High level security  Low transmitting power  Easily to achieve telecom with large capacity and multiple access  Occupying wider band  Complicated procedure  Hard to achieve synchrony in time vary channel
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For Internal Use Only

WCDMA System Adopts DSSS to Spread and Despread the Spectrum

f signal

S f

signal f The signal spectrum before spreading

f0

f The signal spectrum after spreading

f0

S f

S f

Disturbing noise signal f The signal spectrum before despreading

f0

signal Disturbing f The signal spectrum after despreading

f0

Signal

Purse Jamming
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White noise

The key Tech of WCDMA Spectrum Spreading

Symbol rate SF = 3.84Mcps


For Internal Use Only

Spectrum spreading is used on physical layer

WCDMA

SF of uplink channel code is SF of unlink channel code is

4~256 4~512

Spectrum spreading has two steps



Channelizing changes data symbols into series of code, which widens the width of signal. Data scrambling put scrambling on the spectrum spreading signal.

Data Bit

OVSF code

Data Scrambling

Chips after Spectru m Spreadi ng

Tips: OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

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Aim of Channel Coding

Aim of Channel Coding

For Internal Use Only

Putting the redundant information into original data stream, which lets the receiver be able to detect and correct the signal error caused by transporting media and improve the rate of data transportation.

Code without correcting ability

Unable to meet the demand of communication

BER<10-1

10-2 BER<10-3
Able to meet the demand of voice communicatio

Convolution Code
Adopted by WCDMA System

Turbo Code

BER<10-6

Able to meet the demand of data communication

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Key Tech of WCDMAPower Control

Power control, based on CDMA, is not a new tech Power control plays pivotal role in W CDMA. W CDMA telecom

For Internal Use Only

In order to realize the wide business usage of issue of power control should be solved.

the

Types of power control

CDMA is a co-channel and self-disturbing system, so any unnecessary power shouldnt be transmitted. This is a general principle that must be obeyed.

Open loop power control according to the fading condition of the received link signal, it estimates fading of self-transmitted signal, and determines the transmission power.

Closed loop power control The transmitter increase or lower the transmission power according to the response of the quality measuring result of the receiver link

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Key Tech of WCDMA Power Control

For Internal Use Only

Open loop It measures the disturbing condition in channel and adjust transmission power. Closed loop Inner loop
It measures the SIR and target SIR. After comparison, it orders the MS to adjust its transmission power. The frequency of the inner loop power control of CDMA is 1500Hz If measured SIR>target SIR reduce the transmission power of MS If measured SIR<target SIR increase the transmission power of MS

Closed loop External loop It measures frame error rate target SNR.
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block error rate) and adjusts the

Key Tech of WCDMA Power control

Without power control With power control

For Internal Use Only

Principal of Power Control

WCDMA system adopts the judging principle with SIR balance and quality balance, that is the judging principle based on the SIR balance, but the instant target SIR is decided by quality FER and BLER.

Objection of Power Control

Reducing multiple disturbance Solving far and near effect Solving shade effect Saving the power of battery Compensating partly fading

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Key Tech of WCDMA Handoff

Hard handoff

For Internal Use Only

Soft handoff

handoff between frequency Handoff between different 3G system

Hard handoff

Handoff between different interface techs Hard Handoff in the same frequency without lur

Soft handoff Softer handoff

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Handoff between different NodeB with one frequency Handoff between LUR in the same frequency Handoff between different cells with one NodeB and frequency

Flow Graph of Handoff

A RNC sends measurement control message to UE Unable to meet the demand of handoff B UE measures according to the requirement of and hand in measurement report E handoff decision

For Internal Use Only

Able to meet the demand of handoff Able to meet the demand of handoff

C In view of different UE, RNC stores measurement result of cells of carrier frequencies

F maintain the active set and the monitoring set (including present carrier frequency and alien frequency)

G allocate resources to associative cell with virtual active set and preparefor handoff

allocate resource and prepare for handoff in associative cell with alien system

D) It estimates the signal quality of frequencies according to measurement report. (including frequencies and systems )

I if handoff needed locate destination cell and send corresponding order of handoff.

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Key Tech of WCDMA Handoff

)XQFWLRQRI+DQGRII
   

For Internal Use Only

Improve voice quality Controlling cell phone disturbance Reducing call drop rate Increasing the capacity and widening coverage area

6KRUWDJHRI+DQGRII


The equipment investment and complexity of back board of system are increased because of several channel resources are occupied.
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WCDMA

HSPA

For Internal Use Only

The full name of HSPA is High Speed Packet Access. It is the general name of two techs: HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access and HSUPA High Speed Uplink packet Access). As a new tech for 3GPP to meet the antisymmetrical demand of data service of up/down link in R5 protocol, it solve the conflict between system coverage and capacity perfectly, increase the system capacity greatly and satisfy users demand of high-speed service.
HSDPA introduce a progamme called Adaptive Modulation and Coding AMC . Choosing modulating method and coding rate according to the information of channel condition provided by terminal and NodeB can achieve the rate as high as 14.4Mbit/s on down link. HSUPA can achieve the speed as high as 5.76Mbit/s on uplink. More effective uplink dispatch and faster control of retransmission in NodeB cause USUPA to have excellent attribute.
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Key Tech of WCDMA HSDPA

HSDPA

For Internal Use Only

A new transmitting channel called HS DSCH is introduced referring to Graph1 and Table1 with two up and down controlling channels. Naturally HS DSCH is a shared channel which can be used by several users at the same time, with a Adaptive Modulation and Coding programme AMC) introduced.

UE

NodeB

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Key Tech of WCDMA HSUPA

HSUPA
The target of HSUPA is to improve capacity and data throughout, and reduce the delay of dedicated channel at the up direction. The major enhancing function provided by 3GPP defines a new transmitting channel, called E-DCH. Same with HSDPA, E-DCH depends on PHY and MAC layer to achieve improvement.

For Internal Use Only

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Contents Summary

For Internal Use Only

Summary of System

Network Structure

Concept of Channel

Basic Theories

Key Tech

The Concept of WCDMA Channel

Feature of Physical Channel

For Internal Use Only

Special carrier frequency scrambling code channelizd code selective time of starting and ending duration relative phase 0 or /2
Chip Time slot Radio Frame The physical channel is formed by radio frame of 10ms and the radio frame is formed by 15 timeslots.  In the channel adopting scrambling code and spreading spectrum code, different channels can be defined because of difference of either scrambling code and spreading spectrum code. The physical channel sites at the side of NodeB.  The chip rate of physical channel is 3.84Mcps so each timeslot is 2560 chips(3840000/15

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Concept of WCDMA Channel

Common physical Channel Physical Random Access Channel Physical Common Packet Channel Common Pilot Channel Sync Channel Principal Common Control Physical Channel Supplement Common Control Physical Channel Paging Indicator Channel Physical down shared Channel (Acquisition Indicator Channel Access preamble AICH CPCH Status Channel Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Channel

For Internal Use Only

Categories of Physical Channel

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Concept of WCDMA Channel

Control Channel Broadingcasting Control Channel Paging Control Channel Dedicated Control Channel Common Control Channel Shared Channel Control Channel

For Internal Use Only

TCH

Dedicated TCH Common TCH

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Concept of WCDMA Channel

Common Transport CH Broadcasting Channel Paging Channel Random-Access Channel Forward Access Channel Common Packge Channel Down Shared Channel

For Internal Use Only

Dedicated Transport CH

Dedicated CH

Categories of Transport Channel

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