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A) B)
Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes, Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th Ed., pg 840-850.
y Small
solutes in one liquid phase diffuse readily because of concentration differences through a porous membrane to the second liquid (or vapor) phase. y Passage of large molecules through the membrane is more difficult. y Examples: 1. Separation of H2SO4 from nickel and copper sulfates in aqueous solution, food processing and artificial kidneys 2. Separation of ions occurs by imposing an emf differences across the membrane in electrodialysis.
The flux equations thru each phase are all equal to each other at steady state, then:
Eq. (b)
From eq. (a), c1is = Kc1i and c21s = Kc2i, then substitute into eq. (b), then:
Eq. (c)
Eq. (d) Where pM is the permeance in the solid in m/s L is the thickness in m DAB is the diffusivity of A in the solid in m2/s
Adding the equations, internal concentrations c1i and c2i drop out, the final equation is:
Eq. (f)
Helium being separated from natural gas and nitrogen from air. Separation of a gas mixture occurs because each type of molecule diffuses at a different rate through the membrane.
This is the figure for concentration profiles for membrane processes: two gas phases and a solid membrane. The equilibrium relation:
Eq. (g)
Where
Figure 2 Concentration profiles for membrane processes: two gas phases and a solid membrane
Eq. (i)
Eq. (j)
From eq. (i) and eq. (k), the flux NA thru the membrane becomes:
Eq. (l)
Complete mixing
Assume for the feed chamber and the permeate chamber. y The reject or residue and the product or permeate compositions are equal to their respective uniform compositions in the chambers
y
CrossCross-flow
The feed stream is in plug flow and the permeate flows in a normal direction away from the membrane without mixing. y The feed composition varies along its flow path, the local permeate concentration also varies along the membrane path
y
Countercurrent flow
Both the feed stream and permeate stream are in plug flow countercurrent to each other. y The composition of each stream varies along its flow path
y
Cocurrent flow
y