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Membrane separation processes

A) B)

Liquid permeation/dialysis Gas permeation in a membrane

Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Chapter 13: Membrane Separation Processes, Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th Ed., pg 840-850.

A) Liquid permeation or dialysis


The solute molecules must first be transported or diffuse through the liquid film of the first liquid phase on one side of the solid membrane Then through the membrane itself

Then through the film of the second liquid phase

y Small

solutes in one liquid phase diffuse readily because of concentration differences through a porous membrane to the second liquid (or vapor) phase. y Passage of large molecules through the membrane is more difficult. y Examples: 1. Separation of H2SO4 from nickel and copper sulfates in aqueous solution, food processing and artificial kidneys 2. Separation of ions occurs by imposing an emf differences across the membrane in electrodialysis.

Series Resistances in Membrane Processes Concentration profiles


Figure 1 is the concentration profiles for membrane processes: two liquid films and a solid. c1 : bulk liquid-phase concentration of the diffusing solute A in kg mol A/m3 c1i : concentration of A in the fluid adjacent to the solid c1iS : concentration of A in the solid at the surface and is equilibrium with c1i kc1 and kc2 : mass transfer coefficients in m/s The equilibrium distribution coefficient, K is Eq. (a) Figure 1 Concentration profiles for membrane processes: two liquid films and a solid.

The flux equations thru each phase are all equal to each other at steady state, then:
Eq. (b)

From eq. (a), c1is = Kc1i and c21s = Kc2i, then substitute into eq. (b), then:

Eq. (c)

Eq. (d) Where pM is the permeance in the solid in m/s L is the thickness in m DAB is the diffusivity of A in the solid in m2/s

Solving each of the parts of eq.(c)


Eq. (e)

Adding the equations, internal concentrations c1i and c2i drop out, the final equation is:
Eq. (f)

B) Gas permeation in a membrane


Membrane used in this process is usually polymer such as rubber, polyamide and is not a porous solid. y The solute gas first dissolves in the membrane and then diffuses in the solid to the other gas phase. y Examples:
y

Helium being separated from natural gas and nitrogen from air. Separation of a gas mixture occurs because each type of molecule diffuses at a different rate through the membrane.

Series Resistances in Membrane Processes


y

This is the figure for concentration profiles for membrane processes: two gas phases and a solid membrane. The equilibrium relation:

Eq. (g)
Where

S is solubility of A in m3 (STP)/atm.m3 solid H is equilibrium relation in kg mol/m3.atm

Figure 2 Concentration profiles for membrane processes: two gas phases and a solid membrane

Flux equations in each phase are as follows:


Eq. (h)

Eq. (i)

Eq. (j)

The permeability PM given is:


Eq. (k)

From eq. (i) and eq. (k), the flux NA thru the membrane becomes:
Eq. (l)

Eliminating the interfacial concentrations becomes:


Eq. (m)

IDEAL FLOW PATTERNS

Complete mixing
Assume for the feed chamber and the permeate chamber. y The reject or residue and the product or permeate compositions are equal to their respective uniform compositions in the chambers
y

CrossCross-flow
The feed stream is in plug flow and the permeate flows in a normal direction away from the membrane without mixing. y The feed composition varies along its flow path, the local permeate concentration also varies along the membrane path
y

Countercurrent flow
Both the feed stream and permeate stream are in plug flow countercurrent to each other. y The composition of each stream varies along its flow path
y

Cocurrent flow
y

Cocurrent flow of the feed and permeate streams.

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