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In India housing schemes are implemented by Government and Quasi-Government Agencies. Various housing schemes implemented by the above agencies are:

Housing schemes in India cater to mainly four sections of the community

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E.W.S- Economically weaker section L.I.G Low income group M.I.G Middle income group H.I.G- High income group

HOUSING SCHEMES FOR THE ECONOMICALLY WEAKER SECTION

This scheme was introduced in the year 1952. Originally the benefits of this scheme were restricted to eligible industrial workers only. In April 1966 the housing programme for economically weaker sections of the community was also integrated with this scheme. This scheme was introduced by the Govt of India and envisaged the grant of financial assistance to the state Govt and through them to other approved agencies for the construction 2 (b) of the factories Act of 1948 and mine workers ( other than those engaged in coal mica and iron ore mines) falling in the 2 (h) section of the Mines Act of 1952.

The construction of houses may be through the state Govt., statutory housing boards municipal bodies , registered co-operative societies of eligible workers and employees.

The income limit for initial allotment of houses built income under the scheme was Rs 500 per month, subject to repayment of some additional charges by allotees in the income group between Rs 35 and 500 per month. Now the income eligibility for initial allotment of houses for the E.W.S is upto Rs 700 per month, the ceiling cost of construction as well as ceiling of Govt. loan assistance being Rs 5000.

2. SETTLEMENT SCHEME
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This scheme was intended to serve the poorest section of the people to build their houses.This scheme is mainly meant for E.W.S and the L.I.G House sites upto a maximum of 5 cents of land in urban areas and 10 cents in rural areas and cost of building materials upto a maximum of Rs 670 and Rs 50 by way of monetary grant were given to the settlers according to eligibility. An additional grant of Rs 180 per settler was also granted in deserving cases. The selection of settlers was made in consultation with the local panchayath or municipality as the case may be. This scheme was discontinued during the third plan.

This slum clearance and improvement scheme was introduced in 1959 as a centrally sponsored programme under which financial assistance was given to state and union territories for the clearance and improvement of slum areas and rehousing of slum dwellers whose income does not exceed Rs 370 per month. The pattern of assistance to state government was 25% of the cost as subsidy and 50% as loan and the state Govt was to meet the balance 25% as matching subsidy. The pattern of assistance was subsequently revised by the Govt of India under which the subsidy from the Govt of India raised from 25% to 37.5%. This reduced the matching subsidy by the state Govt 12.5% This scheme was implemented in Trivandrum, Cochin and Calicut Corporation and in some municipalities. In 1969 the scheme was transferred to states.

Introduced in December 1958 ` Now operated by the Board Of Revenue with the guidance of the Technical Cell of the Housing Department ` The activities under this scheme are: i) Giving loans to individuals in selected panchayats for constructing/reconstructing or improving their houses ii) providing housing sites to the landless agricultural labourers iii) providing common amenities to the selected villages such as street drains etc..
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This scheme emphasizes the fact that improvement of village housing should be part of an all-round economic and physical development of rural areas In order to achieve planned development of the villages, the scheme provides for the preparation of master plans for the selected Panchayats after carrying out necessary physical and socio-economic surveys and implementation of the plans through relevant agencies The scheme atttempts to stimulate local initiative and the maximum use of local resources; outside aid particularly financial aid is restricted to the minimum The scheme provides for technical aid and guidance to the house builders in the form of improved house design and engineering supervision of construction work

The scheme envisages provision of house sites to the handless agricultural labourers, with a provision that the labour required for the development of the lands will have to be provided by the beneficiaries themselves on a voluntary basis. Thus there is a aided self help in the implementation of the scheme.25% of the cost of land will be recovered in 5 annual installments from the beneficiaries i) loans for construction/reconstruction or improvement of houses Loans are given to eligible people in selected panchayats whose annual income does not exceed Rs.4000.Also they should have their own land for house construction. The amount of loan admissible is 80% of estimated cost of house or Rs.8000 whichever is less. For houses costing upto Rs.2000 the limit of 80% can be exceeded to 90%.

ii) Provision of house sites to the landless agricultural labourers The implementation of the programme commenced in 1964 Landless agricultural labourers in selected panchayats with an annual income upto Rs.1000 are eligible for the assignment of land Each family will be given 5 cents of land in a well laid out colony They are also eligible for getting loan under this scheme 25% of cost of land recovered from the beneficiaries in 5 annual instalments

iii) Provision of streets and drains in the selected panchayats Programme commenced in 1965 The necessity of the works to be taken up is to be pointed out by the concerned panchayat in consultation with technical cell The District Collector gives administrative sanction to the land The Chief Planner-Housing issues technical sanction The cost of the project shall not exceed Rs.25000 and works costing more than this can be taken up with the first sanction from the Govt.

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Intended to benefit the economically weaker sections of the community whose annual income does not exceed Rs.4200 per annum. Implementation of the project started in 1964-65 According to this scheme either developed plots or a two roomed house in a developed plot will be made available to the beneficiary on rent. The land area shall not be less than 900 sq.ft and that of the house 232 sq.ft The District Collector selects suitable sites for the scheme Govt. poramboke land will also be utilized for this scheme

The panchayat concerned is entrusted with work of providing infrastructure facilities ` The maximum area of plots and houses is fixed as follows: ` Plot area in cents Plinth area in sq.ft 1.Independent houses 3 500 2.Semi-detached houses 2.5 500 3.Row houses 2 360
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This scheme was implemented in the state during 19721976. As the very same of the scheme indicates the target was to construct one lakh houses in the rural area of Kerala. The one lakh housing scheme had two stages, the first was the acquisition or purchase of the land required for the scheme and its development according to layouts prepared.

The second stage was the actual construction of the houses at the Panchayath level. The scheme was implemented in all the Panchayaths in the state, and for the target for each Panchayath was a minimum of 100 houses. The size of each house was 4 cents. In one acre of land x20 such house sites were provided leaving 20 cents for common facilities. The implementation of the scheme was statutorily entrusted to the Panchayaths.

Under the scheme 57,000 houses have been completed and 33,000 houses sites have been distributed so far. Though the full target has not been achieved the One Lakh Houses Scheme stands out as one of the rare instances of a rare massive development programme implemented in the state and it has made profound influence in the society. It was designed as a very novel scheme, and it aimed at obtaining the maximum popular support and participation including financial help from the people.

Further this is a pioneering attempt in the counting to implement such a massive system by mobilizing the public contributions and voluntary labour and with the co-ordination and co-operations of the various departmental officers and other Govt. servants and with the participation of all sections of the public. The selection of beneficiary was done in the most impartial manner under the direct supervision of Panchayaths controlled by the concerned District Collector. Any family without a house site of its own and belonging to the EWS was eligible to house under this scheme. All the beneficiaries were selected before the commencement of the construction works, with a view to involve them in the construction process.

This scheme launched in 1978 is meant for the EWS in the rural area sponsored (joined by the Govt. of Kerala, KSHB, Kerela State Co-operative societies. An applicant with an annual income of less than 42,000 and who owns a plot of land and does not have a house of his own is eligible for assistance under this scheme.

The estimated cost of the scheme is 42,000. 50% of the cost is received as loan from HUDCO. A grant of Rs.500 is given by the state society as loan. The remaining700 and the interest of loan amount during the construction period have to be borne by the allottee.

This scheme is a joint venture by the Govt. of Kerala, Nationalized Banks and KSHB. A total allocation of Rs. 470 lakhs was earmarked for this purpose by all the participating banks and the scheme was started in early 1978. The progress of the scheme in the districts, except Kottayam, Ernakulam, Trichur, Cannannore are far below the expectation.

Except in Trivandrum and Ernakulam Districts, the loan is available only to EWS and the maximum loan available is below Rs. 5,000. In Trivandrum and Ernakulam the maximum loan amount is Rs. 14,400 and this is for LIG people,

The SASH scheme was sanctioned by Govt. in July 1983. This scheme utilise the network of voluntary agencies in the state to promote housing for the EWS by pooling the resources they can mobilise, the subsidy the Govt. provide. The small savings and contributions to the individuals can muster and the institutional finance the HUDCO provide.

The estimated cost of a house on the prevailing rates in 1983 was Rs. 6,000. Out of the total cost of Rs. 6,000, Rs. 3000 was given as loan to be repaid in 108 monthly instalments at 5% interest. This amount was raised from HUDCO Govt. gave a subsidy of Rs. 1,000 for each house. The voluntary agency sponsoring a family was required to remit in advance an amount of Rs. 1,000 per family to Housing Board.

This amount was also given as subsidy to the family. The share of the beneficiary was Rs. 1000 about Rs. 500 in cash and Rs. 500 by materials or labour.
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All families belonging to EWS by virtue of their monthly income possessing at least 30 sqm of land eligible for the benefits under the scheme provided where they sponsored by a Voluntary Agency. Preference was always given to applicants from SC and ST. Any voluntary agency could be considered to eligible in participating in the scheme, provided it came forward to sponsor a minimum of 10 houses and remit their share of Rs. 1000 per family in advance.

This scheme was launched by the Govt. of Kerala with the help of Govt. of India A massive housing programme to rehouse the EWS families who lost their houses due to natural calamities such as floods sea erosion landsliding etc, during 1984 and 1985. Envisaged the construction of atleast one lakh houses to rehabilitate those who had lost their houses and those who were staying in unsound and unhygienic environments with their houses liable to be damaged in any future calamity.

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The ceiling cost was 6000. out of the total cost Rs.4500 as loan and Rs.1500 govt. grant. The contribution of voluntary agency is Rs.250 for fuel efficient chullah, laterine etc. The period of repayment is 9 years rate of interest is 9.75%.

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Taken up and completed at Cochin, Palghat, & Idukki. Implementation committees were constituted in each centre with the officers of all concerned agencies and departments Such as Housing Board, the corporation/municipality, Development Authority If existing, PWD, Water Authority, Electric Board etc. and representatives of political parties.

Each agency was expected to attend to that part of the project entrusted to them, simultaneously with the progress of construction of houses which was undertaken by KSHB Avoiding the usual time lag time between construction of buildings and provision of basic facilities. The fund was raised by KSHB from the HUDCO. Land - free of cost, cost of construction had to be repaid by them in installments, as per hudco norms.

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Envisaged to eradicate the shelterlessness in the state. Primary aims - Rehabilitation for the poor who have put up in the roadsides and other govt. lands, and for the EWS of the society etc. Other goals of the scheme: Repair and renewal of old/dilapidated houses Providing sanitary facilities for existing houses Improving infrastructural facilities of existing houses

Goal facilitate the construction of 5 lakh houses during 9th plan period Cost 30000 each 19000 loan, 10000 contribution of the beneficiary through materials and labour 1000 by the supporting agencies, and 9000 - state subsidy. Proposed total cost 450 crores Eligibility belonging to EWS with atleast 1.5 cents of land

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HOUSING SCHEMES FOR LOW INCOME GROUP

1. LOW INCOME GROUP ( L.I.G ) HOUSING SCHEME (1954)

This scheme was introduced in November 1954 by the Govt of India and implemented by the State Govts and the V.T Administrations . The scheme implemented by the District Collectors under the overall controls of the Board of Revenue. Loans are granted to individuals, co-operative societies and eligible persons for the purchase of newly constructed houses.

The scheme envisages financial assistance by way of loan primarily for persons who do not own a house and whose income does not exceed Rs 14 500 or 80 % of estimated cost whichever is less.

Interest at the rate of 8 % per annum is charged against the loan amount. The plinth area of each house under this scheme shall no be below 232 sft and 1400 sft.

The scheme was intended to provide loans and house sites to the poor landless people in the state. It was implemented through co-operative societies, municipalities and industrial concerns. The house were constructed in accordance with the approved type designs. The expenditure incurred was advanced by the Govt as interest free loans repayable within 25 years on instalment basis. The scheme was discontinued by the end of the third 5 year plan

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Scheme started in 1967 and is implemented in corporations and municipalities only. The land is acquired in large scale and necessary infrastructure facilities are provided with the technical help of the PWD and Public Health Engineering Department. The intention is to provide house sites with all amenities at reasonable cost. Minimum size of the plot under this scheme is 405 sq.m While selling the plots preference should be given to slum dwellers, industrial workers and beneficiaries under LIG housing, MIG housing and govt. servants rental housing scheme etc. No person will be given more than one plot

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The scheme commenced as a centrally sponsored scheme in 1963 From 1969 the scheme is a state sector scheme According to this scheme each beneficiary is given either 4 acres of wet land or 2 acres of dry land. Also Rs.1100 is given as grant and Rs.400 as loan Due to shortage of poramboke land, from 1971 only financial assistance is given to families who have own land not exceeding 2 acres The loan amount carries 6.5% interest repayable in 20 half yearly installments commencing from the 3rd year after obtaining the loan

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This scheme started in 1981 with a target of 40,000 houses by the Board Of Revenue through Block Development Officers Rural workers who got land under One lakh housing scheme and provision of house sites for landless workers in rural area and who have no other house are eligible for financial assistance of loan and grant under this scheme. Annual income of beneficiary shall not exceed Rs.4000 Financial assistance is also extended to those whose houses under the 1 lakh houses scheme were not completed

Beneficiaries of any other scheme are not eligible for financial assistance under this scheme RS.4000 is given on which Rs.3000 as loan and Rs.1000 as plant No assistance is given if the estimated cost of construction exceeds Rs.8000 The loan amount should be repaid in 25 years with 8% interest A penal interest of 1% will be levied from defaulters

6.Housing and environmental schemes for S.C

This scheme is implemented by the Harijan welfare department. The department giving loans and grants to scheduled caste families. Interest free loan schemes: under the scheme interest free loans are given those who own at least one cent of land. Penal interest of 2.5 % will be charged from defaulters of repayment. annual family income maxi. Loan amt 2000 & below 5000 2001 to 4000 7500 4001 to 6000 10000 The department has prescribed some type designs to be followed by the loaners and one of those designs has to be adopted by them. Grant scheme: under this scheme the houses are constructed by the department for S.C families and the entire expenditure is met by the department. The houses are constructed either as colonies or for individuals on lands belonging to them.

7.Housing schemes for S.T This scheme includes houses directly constructed by department and houses constructed by the beneficiaries with assistance from the department. In both cases the costs are fully subsidized by the department. The schemes implemented by the department are Colonization scheme: under the colonization scheme the beneficiaries will given housing grants, colony wise. The construction work of the houses in the colony is carried out by the beneficiary committee or the cooperative society as the case may be. Hamlet development scheme: A tribal hamlet is a tribal village under the leadership of one tribal leader. All the families in the selected hamlets are eligible for assistance under the scheme. The construction of houses is carried out by the beneficiary committee or their cooperative society. Tribal area sub plan ( centrally sponsored scheme ): under the scheme, a particular tribal area is selected and houses are constructed for the tribal families there. The construction work is either entrusted with the beneficiaries or with any other selected agency.

The scheme was introduced by the Govt of India in 1959. The state rules on this scheme were issued in 1961. This scheme is generally financed by LIC as loans to the State Govts. This scheme is intended to benefit individuals whose annual income is between Rs 7201 and Rs 18000.
Under this scheme loans upto 80% of estimated cost or a maximum of Rs 27 500 whichever is less. The houses to be constructed under this scheme should have a minimum plinth area of 40 sqm, but should not exceed 200 sqm. Loans are also granted to purchase new houses constructed within 12 months.

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Intended to give housing loans to the employees of the local bodies whose annual income is Rs.5000 and above. The amount of loan admissible is 80% of the cost of the land and a house subject to a maximum of Rs.4000 The loan carries an interest of 6% per annum The scheme has been implemented in the districts of Quilon, Ernakulam,Trichur, Kozhikode and Kannur. Not in operation now due to the lack of demand

13.Rental housing scheme for state government employees This scheme was introduced in February 1959 with a view of assisting the state government to provide adequate housing accommodation for their own employees and is implemented by the state govt. The cardinal principles governing this scheme of assistance are The state govt. should utilize the funds exclusively for construction of new houses for allotment state govt. employees on payment of a monthly rent in accordance with the normal rules of the state Govts. That the ownership of these houses shall continue to vest in the state Govts themselves. That class or type of accommodation shall be determined by the state Govt. That is formulating the construction program the state govt. would give preference to the requirement of their low paid employees. 14.Plantation labour housing scheme The plantation scheme was introduced in 1956 by the Govt. of India to help particularly the smaller planters in fulfilling their statutory obligation of providing residential accommodation for their workers. Under the scheme, planters were eligible for loans not exceeding 80% of the actual costs of construction of houses (excluding cost of land) subject to a maximum of Rs 1920 per house in the plantations in south India. The loans recoverable in 30 annual, installments.

17.House building advance scheme for government employees This scheme is operated by the finance department through the respective heads of the departments, district collectors and other competent authorities. The scheme relating to sanctioning of house building advance to govt. Employees is a plan scheme. In the case of loans granted to All India Service Officers is a non plan scheme and the actual expenditure is being got reimbursed by Govt. of India. The maximum amount of loan available to an officer on joint salary basis is 50 lines the monthly pay subject to a maximum of Rs.40000. 18.Public housing scheme ( house accommodation scheme) Under this scheme the KSHB acquires land suitable for housing, mainly in urban areas. The lands are then developed and subdivided into plots. A percentage of the plots will be allotted to applicants who apply for plots alone. In the remaining plots houses are constructed and allotted to applicants who apply for plots with house. Each allotter has to pay 25% of the sale prize as advance. The balance amount has to paid in equal monthly installments as fixed by board. The plot and the building constructed there own belong to board until the ownership is conveyed to the beneficiary through a registered sale, which is done only after the recovery of the entire loan amount.

The scheme is implemented as per directions of the Govt. The all inclusive cost of a house under this scheme is limited to Rs. 42,000. Govt. gives 15% of the cost of construction as subsidy. The overhead charges amounting to 10% of the total cost of construction are also met by the Govt.

As a result of the implementation of and Land Reforms, large number of Kudikidappukars (free tenants) who have been granted certificates of purchase of land became owners of the land in which their huts located. Under the direction from Govt. the board has taken up a scheme for assisting 40,000 Kudikidappukars for constructing houses in the land of which they became owners in all districts except Palghat, Idukki and Wynad. The cost of each house is Estimated as Rs.5000. Rs. 4000 will be made available as loan in two instalments, at 5% interest by the KSHB which in turn will borrow the amount from HUDCO.

In addition, egrant Rs. 1000 per house will be given by Govt. meeting the expenditure from the Kudikidappukars Benefit Fund constituted under section 109 of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963. All Kudikidappukar whose annual income does not exceed Rs. 3,200 are eligible for finance assistance.

KSHB adopted this scheme for construction of residential houses exclusively for overseas Indians. This scheme was implemented in few centers in Kerala where the concentration of overseas Malayalees were comparatively high as first stage. The project was implemented on a self financing basis. All payement has to be completed on allotment of the plot with the building or flat.

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Launched by Govt.of India from december 2005 For initial period of 7 years, with a central outlay of Rs 50000 Crore 65 cities having millions of population are designed to eligible for the mission

Sub - mission of JNNURM, Focused on integrated development of slums

Projects provides Shelters, basic services and other related civic amenities to the urban poor IHSDP (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme) lay to compliment the activity in smaller non-mission town Replaced 1. VAMBAY ( Valmiki Ambedkar Awas yojana) 2. NSDP (National Slum Development programme.) Target group Slum dwellers from all section of community through a cluster approach Allocation of fund basis of slum urban population to total urban population in country

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States in turn may located to Towns/cities basing on similar formula Fund provided for only those towns where election to local bodies have been held, And elected bodies are in position The towns and cities were prioritize by the state Govt. On the basis of their felt need by taking in to account, Existing infrastructure, cities with concentrated slum population, and such other criteria

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