CHAPTER 8 : CIRCLES III

8.1 TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE 8.2 ANGLES BETWEEN TANGENTS AND CHORDS 8.3 COMMON TANGENTS

Created By: Mohd Said B Tegoh

8.1 (a) Identifying Tangents to A Circle

A tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at a point. The point is called the point of tangency or the contact point.

O
Tangent

8.1(a) Identifying Tangents to A Circle

The tangent to a circle is a straight line perpendicular to the radius that passes through the contact point.

O Tangent

8.1(b) Properties of Tangents to A Circle The lengths of the tangents from a given point A to each contact points are equal, AP = AQ
P O

The line that joins the given point outside the circle, point A, to the centre of the circle bisects; The angle between the two tangents, that is, < PAO = < QAO
P O A

The angle between the two radii that passes through the contact points, that is < POA = < QOA
P

OPA and OQA are congruent

8.2 Angles Between Tangents and Chords

(a) A cord is a line that connects two distinct points on a circle. The cord CD divides the circle into two portions (b) The smaller portion is called the minor segment whereas the larger portion is called the major segment C
Minor segment

Major segment

8.2 (a) Identifying the angle in the alternate segment

The segment FHG (the major segment) is called the alternate segment for < AGF. The angle in the alternate segment which is subtended by the chord FG is <FHG

G B

8.2 (b) Calculations involving the angle in the alternate segment

The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord alternate segment A b q B a=b P=q

p D C

a E

8.2 (b) Calculations involving the angle in the alternate segment

A B

a d b
C

c
a=b c=d

8.3 COMMON TANGENTS

A Common Tangent to two circles is a straight line that touches each of the circles at only one point. Common Tangent

8.3 (b) Properties of Common Tangents

(a) Two Circles which intersect at Two Points P

O
Two Common Tangents

T R S

PQ = RS TOC is a straight line No. of common tangents = 2.

Two parallel common tangents

R PQ = RS PQ, OC, and RS are parallels

(b) Two Circles which intersect at one point P Q X

Three Common Tangents

Y O C

PQ = RS XP = XQ = XY = YZ = ZR = ZS OYC is a straight line No. of common tangents = 3, that are PQ, RS, and XZ

Q X P O
Three Common Tangents

T R Z

PQ = RS XP=XQ=XY=YZ=ZR=ZS TOYC is a straight line

No. of Common Tangents = 3, that are PQ,RS, and XZ

(c) Two Circles which Do Not Intersect Q

N

P
Four common tangents

K X M

C
L

R
PQ = RS KL = MN

No. of common tangents = 4, that are PQ,RS, KL and MN OXC is a straight line

P
K N

O
M

X L

R
PQ = RS KL = MN

OXC is a straight line No. of common tangents = 4, that are PQ, RS, KL and MN

Cloned SPM

In Diagram 3, PQR is a tangent to the circle at point Q. Given that PQT = 56. The length of the arc TQ is equal to the length of the arc SQ. P

Q x0

S DIAGRAM 3

Solution

T 560

560 x0 560 S DIAGRAM 3

x = 180 56 - 56 = 68

Cloned SPM

In Diagram 4, LJK is a tangent to the circle JNM at J and KMN is a straight line. Arc MN = Arc MJ
N 55 M x K

J L DIAGRAM 4

The value of x is A 15 B 25 C 35 D 65

Solution

N 55 700 550 700 J 550 M 1100x K

x = 180 110 - 55 = 15