Acid and Bases

Acid and Bases

Acid and Bases

Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid. React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas. gas. React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas

Bases
Have a bitter taste. Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

Some Properties of Acids

Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) Taste sour Corrode metals Electrolytes React with bases to form a salt and water

Acid Nomenclature Flowchart

ACIDS
start with 'H'

2 elements

3 elements

hydro- prefix -ic ending

no hydro- prefix

-ate ending becomes -ic ending

-ite ending becomes -ous ending

Acid Nomenclature Review

HBr (aq) H2CO3 H2SO3 hydrobromic acid carbonic acid

sulfurous acid

Name Em!
HI (aq) HCl (aq) H2SO3 HNO3 HIO4

Some Properties of Bases

Produce OH- ions in water Taste bitter, chalky Are electrolytes Feel soapy, slippery React with acids to form salts and water pH greater than 7 Turns red litmus paper to blue Basic

Some Common Bases

NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2 sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide liquid soap

barium hydroxide stabilizer for plastics MOM Milk of

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide magnesia Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide

Maalox (antacid)

pH of Common Substances

The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases. Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the NEGATIVE power of 10 on the Molarity of the H+ (or OH-) ion. Under 7 = acid 7 = neutral Over 7 = base

pH

[H+]

[OH-]

pOH

pH testing
There are several ways to test pH Blue litmus paper (red = acid) Red litmus paper (blue = basic) pH paper (multi-colored) pH meter (7 is neutral, <7 acid, >7 base) Universal indicator (multi-colored) Indicators like phenolphthalein Natural indicators like red cabbage, radishes

Paper testing
Paper tests like litmus paper and pH paper Put a stirring rod into the solution and stir. Take the stirring rod out, and place a drop of the solution from the end of the stirring rod onto a piece of the paper Read and record the color change. Note what the color indicates. You should only use a small portion of the paper. You can use one piece of paper for several tests.

pH meter
Tests the voltage of the electrolyte Converts the voltage to pH Very cheap, accurate Must be calibrated with a buffer solution

pH indicators
Indicators are dyes that can be added that will change color in the presence of an acid or base. Some indicators only work in a specific range of pH Once the drops are added, the sample is ruined Some dyes are natural, like radish skin or red cabbage

ACID-BASE REACTIONS Titrations

H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> acid base Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq) Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.

Oxalic acid,

H2 C2 O 4

Setup for titrating an acid with a base

Titration
1. Add solution from the buret. 2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound (acid) in solution in the flask. 3. Indicator shows when exact stoichiometric reaction has occurred. (Acid = Base) This is called NEUTRALIZATION.

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
H2 O

But how much water do we add?

3.0 M NaOH Concentrated

0.50 M NaOH Dilute

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? How much water is added? The important point is that --->
moles of NaOH in ORIGINAL solution = moles of NaOH in FINAL solution

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? Amount of NaOH in original solution = MV = (3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH Amount of NaOH in final solution must also = 0.15 mol NaOH Volume of final solution = (0.15 mol NaOH) / (0.50 M) = 0.30 L

or

300 mL

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? Conclusion:
H2 O

3.0 M NaOH Concentrated

add 250 mL of water to 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH to make 300 mL of 0.50 M NaOH. 0.50 M NaOH
Dilute

Preparing Solutions by Dilution

A shortcut M 1 V 1 = M2 V 2

You try this dilution problem

You have a stock bottle of hydrochloric acid, which is 12.1 M. You need 400 mL of 0.10 M HCl. How much of the acid and how much water will you need?

Acid/Base definitions
Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional) Acids produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions H3O+) Bases produce OH- ions (problem: some bases dont have hydroxide ions!)

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

HONORS ONLY!

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

The strength of an acid (or base) is determined by the amount of IONIZATION.

HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 are among the only known strong acids.

HONORS ONLY!

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

Generally divide acids and bases into STRONG or WEAK ones. STRONG ACID: HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) ---> ---> H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) HNO3 is about 100% dissociated in water.

HONORS ONLY!

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

Weak acids are much less than 100% ionized in water. One of the best known is acetic acid = CH3CO2H

HONORS ONLY!

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

Strong Base: 100% dissociated in water. NaOH (aq) ---> Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) --->

Other common strong bases include KOH and Ca(OH)2. CaO (lime) + H2O --> --> Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime) CaO

HONORS ONLY!

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

Weak base: less than 100% ionized in water One of the best known weak bases is ammonia NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

HONORS ONLY!

Weak Bases

Acid/Base Definitions
Definition #2: Brnsted Lowry Acids proton donor Bases proton acceptor A proton is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron!

A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor A Brnsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor

base

acid

conjugate acid

conjugate base

ACID-BASE THEORIES
The Brnsted definition means NH3 is a BASE in water and water is itself an ACID

NH3 Base

H2O Acid

NH4+ + OHAcid Base

Conjugate Pairs

Acids & Base Definitions

Definition #3 Lewis
Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron pair

Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron pair

Lewis Acids & Bases

Formation of hydronium ion is also an excellent example.
O H H
+

H O H H

A C ID

H BASE

Electron pair of the new O-H bond Ooriginates on the Lewis base.

Lewis Acid/Base Reaction

Lewis Acid-Base Interactions in Biology

The heme group in hemoglobin can interact with O2 and CO. The Fe ion in hemoglobin is a Lewis acid O2 and CO can act as Lewis bases
Heme group

Calculating the pH

pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity) Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10 pH = - log 1 X 10-10 pH = - (- 10) pH = 10 Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5 pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5 pH = - (- 4.74) pH = 4.74

Try These!
Find the pH of these: 1) A 0.15 M solution of Hydrochloric acid 2) A 3.00 X 10-7 M solution of Nitric acid

pH calculations Solving for H+

If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H+] = ??? Because pH = - log [H+] then - pH = log [H+] Take antilog (10x) of both sides and get

-pH 10

+] = [H

[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M *** to find antilog on your calculator, look for Shift or 2nd function and then the log button

pH calculations Solving for H+

A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the Molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution?
pH = - log [H+] 8.5 = - log [H+] -8.5 = log [H+] Antilog -8.5 = antilog (log [H+]) 10-8.5 = [H+] 3.16 X 10-9 = [H+]

pOH
Since acids and bases are opposites, pH and pOH are opposites! pOH does not really exist, but it is useful for changing bases to pH. pOH looks at the perspective of a base pOH = - log [OH-] Since pH and pOH are on opposite ends, pH + pOH = 14

SIPENMARU 1988 11. Suatu larutan mempunyai pH 1. berapa

garam NaOH padat (Mr = 40) harus ditambahkan pada satu liter larutan ini, untuk menaikkan pHnya menjadi 3?...gram

A.0,04 B. 4,0

C. 0,4 D. 7,96

E. 3,96

PEMBAHASAN JAWAB : E Reaksi asam dan basa dapat diseerhnakan sebagai : H+ + OH- H2O pH awal 1, berarti H+ awal = 0,1M pH akhir 3, berarti H+ akhir = 0,001M [H+] yang bereaksi = 0,1 0,001 = 0,099M [OH-] yang diperlukan = 0,099M( koefisien sama) NaOH yang harus ditambahkan 0,099mol (dalam volum 1liter) Maka; 0,099 x 40 = 3,96 gram

SIPENMARU 1987 13. Kedalam 1 liter larutan asam asetat 0,2M

dimasukkan beberapa gram NaOH padat, hingga pH lartan menjadi 4. bila perubahan volum larutan diabaikan, serta menggunakan tetapan ionisasi asam asetat Ka = 2x 10-5. Maka jumlah NaOH yang dimasukkan adalahgram( Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)

A. 1,33 B. 2,0

C. 2,33 D. 3,0

E. 3,33

PEMBAHASAN JAWAB : A CH3COOH + NaOH M R S : 0,2 : X : 0,2-x X X CH3COONa + H2O X X X X

[H+] =Ka x mol asam mol garam 10-4 = 2x10-5 x 0,2-X X X = 0,033 mol Garam NaOH = 0,033 x 40 = 1,33

SPMB 2005 Regional I, II, III 17. Berapakah pH larutan yang diperoleh dengan mencampurkan 50ml HNO3 0,2M dan 50 ml KOH 0,4 M?

A.2 B. 5

C.. 7 D. 10

E. 13

PEMBAHASAN JAWAB : E HNO3 = 50 x 0,2 = 10 mmol KOH = 50 x 0,4 = 20 mmol Sisa KOh = 20 10 = 10 mmol [OH-] = b x Mb = 1 x 10 = 10-1
100

pOH = 1 pH = 13

PP 1981 19. Jika dari zat-zat dibawah ini dibuat larutan (dalam air) dengan konsentrasi 1 molar, larutan manakah yang mempunyai pH paling tinggi?

A. NaHSO4 B. NaF

C. HCl D. NH4Cl

E.CH4COONa

PEMBAHASAN JAWAB : B dan E NaHSO4 adalah garam asam, dalam air langsung menghasilkan ion H+ NaF adalah garam yang bersifat basa, berasal dari asam lemah HF dan basa kuat NaOH. HCl adalah asam kuat NH4Cl adalah garam yang bersifat basa, berasal dari asam kuat HCl dan NH4OH CH3COONa adalah garam yang bersifat basa, bersasal dari asam lemah CH3COOH dan basa kuat NaOH Larutan dengan pH tinggi adalah larutan basa

SIPENMARU 1981 20. Satu ml larutan NaOH 1M ditambahkan ke dalam 1 liter air, maka larutan ini akan mempunyai pH kirakira

A.3 B.5 C.7 D.9 E.11

PEMBAHASAN JAWAB : E

Proses ini adalah proses pengenceran, volum NaOH dari 1ml berubah menjadi 1001 ml. V1 x M1 = V2 x M2 1 x 1 = X = 1 1001 X = ~ 10-3 1001 x X

SIPENMARU 1980 21. Tetapan hasil kali kelarutan magnesium hidroksida dalah 2 x10-11. Jika pH dari suatu MgCl2 dengan konsentrasi 0,002 molar dinaikkan maka akan mulai trejadi endapan pada pH.

A.8 B.9 C.10 D.11 E. 12

PEMBAHASAn JAWAB ; C Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OH-

Ksp = (Mg2+) (OH-)2 2 x10-11 = (2 x 10-3) ( OH-)2 (OH-) = 10-4 pOH = 4 pH= 10