Research Misconduct: The case of Plagiarism

Dr. Abeer Abdelrahman Mahrous Assistant Professor of Marketing Cairo University

Contents
What is Research misconduct - Plagiarism? Examples of Plagiarism Why to plagiarize? How to avoid plagiarism? How to reference?

Research misconduct*
According to the U.S. office of research integrity:
Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research or in reporting research results

* From: Kamel, H. (2009), Towards a framework for Research Integrity: global and local action, powerpoint presentation, Cairo University, Egypt

Research Integrity (contd)

Fabrication falsification
Manipulating research materials, .or changing data or results such that research is not accurately represented in the research record

plagiarism
is the appropriation of another persons ideas, processes results or words without giving appropriate credit

Making up data or results and reporting them

Legal Actions
For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and integrity. Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, which students and professors have agreed to be bound by.

Why to plagiarize
Sometimes researchers do intentionally Other times,
People get confused Do not know how to cite others work Run out of time Do not take notes Etc.

How to Avoid Plagiarism

If you have paraphrased someones work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source Avoid using someone elses work with minor cosmetic changes

From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

Examples of Plagiarism
Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias or websites Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another ones work and claiming it as your own even with permission

From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

More Examples of Plagiarism

Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)

From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

Examples of Plagiarism
THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition. EXAMPLE I word-for-word plagiarism This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith.

 THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE

EXAMPLE II the footnote without quotation marks This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. 1 1 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition.

This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition.

 THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. It was written out of the conviction that it should be possible to discover the hidden mechanics by which all traditional elements of our political and spiritual world were dissolved into a conglomeration where everything seems to have lost specific value, and has become unrecognizable for human comprehension, unusable for human purpose. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition.

EXAMPLE III the paraphrase Hannah Arendts book, The Origins of Totalitarianism, was written in the light of both excessive hope and excessive pessimism. Her thesis is that both Advancement and Ruin are merely different sides of the same coin. Her book was produced out of a belief that one can understand the method in which the more conventional aspects of politics and philosophy were mixed together so that they lose their distinctiveness and become worthless for human uses. Even if the authors exact language is not used, a footnote is required for material that is paraphrased.

 THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. It was written out of the conviction that it should be possible to discover the hidden mechanics by which all traditional elements of our political and spiritual world were dissolved into a conglomeration where everything seems to have lost specific value, and has become unrecognizable for human comprehension, unusable for human purpose. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition.

EXAMPLE IV the mosaic The first edition of The Origins of Totalitarianism was written in 1950. Soon after the Second World War, this was a time of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. During this time, Dr. Arendt argues, the traditional elements of the political and spiritual world were dissolved into a conglomeration where everything seems to have lost specific value. In particular, the separation between the State and Society seems to have been destroyed.. Even though this example includes some original material, selected phrases of the original are woven throughout the passage- --

 THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE This book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition. EXAMPLE V the apt phrase One of the most pressing issues for these writers was understanding the essence of totalitarianism. How, for example, is a totalitarian regime different from an authoritarian regime? Although authors disagree on the precise answer to this question, a common thread running throughout most of the classic works on totalitarianism deals with the relationship between State and Society. In a totalitarian state, the traditional boundaries between State and society are dissolved into a conglomeration so that the two become indistinguishable.

This passage is almost entirely original, but the phrase dissolved into a conglomeration is taken directly from Arendt. Even though this is a short phrase, it must be footnoted. Only phrases that have truly become part of general usage can be used without citation.

Is it Plagiarism?
You read:
Nineteen percent of full-time freshmen say they spend only 1 to 5 hours per week preparing for classes
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002.

YES! You need to use quotes and to cite your source

You write:
Nineteen percent of full-time freshmen say they spend only 1 to 5 hours per week preparing for classes.

Is it Plagiarism? You read:

"Students are studying about one-third as much as faculty say they ought to, to do well," said George D. Kuh, director of the survey and a professor of higher education at Indiana University at Bloomington.
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002

Yes! You must credit your source if you paraphrase text.

You write:
Most students spend about one-third as much time studying as faculty say they should.

Is it Plagiarism?

You read:
"Students are studying about onethird as much as faculty say they ought to, to do well," said George D. Kuh, director of the survey and a professor of higher education at Indiana University at Bloomington.
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002

No. As long as you have included the Young article in your reference list, you have properly cited your source.

You write:
According to George D. Kuh, Indiana University at Bloomington, students study about one-third of the time that is expected by faculty. (Young, 2002)

Is it Plagiarism?

You read:
The tip given most consistently by professors and college officials is that students should simply do their homework. The most commonly prescribed amount is at least two hours of class preparation for every hour spent in the classroom
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002

No. Commonly known facts or ideas do not have to be cited. (Can you find this information in at least five sources?)

You write:
College students should do their homework.

Is it Plagiarism?

You find:

Yes! You need to credit the source of images and other media as well as text.

Source: http://suewaters.wikispaces.com/Rogers

How to make a reference: Getting Started

What is a Citation? References and citations in text are the formal methods of acknowledging the use of a creators work. An In-Text Citation? Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged in the body of a research assignment. (Right in the sentence or paragraph)

CITATIONS IN TEXT
Definition
In text citations identify the source. Format like this (authors last name, publication date)

Citations point you to the full information on a back References page. Purpose 1. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, the source must be credited. 2. In text citations refer the reader to a References page. The reader then knows where the information came from.

Quotation
1. Quotation marks enclose quotations of less than 40 words and are included in the sentence or text, then the citation. 2. Quotations of more than 40 words are indented five spaces from the left margin and are double-spaced in a free-standing block (example later). They are also known as a Block Quotation. 3. Just before the long quotation starts, type a colon: then indent your long quotation (block quotation). (then your citation after the period) 4. Brackets ( ) enclose information about the source of the quotation (this is the citation).

Quotation Examples
1. less than 40 words: He confirms our suspicions. Because N-Gen children are born with technology, they assimilate it. Adults must accommodate a different and much more difficult learning process_ (Tapscott, 1998, p. 40).
(Punctuation is only after in-text citation.)

Quotation Examples
2. more than forty words (Block Quotation):
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) explains how to avoid plagiarism: Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e., summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source of the text.. (p.15)
(Punctuation at end of quote, before the citation.)

Citation Example 1
He states, anything takes on a new meaning when we think of it as a monument (Boorstin, 1987, p. 215) and adds that monuments can be both manmade and natural.

The sentence has both a direct quotation and a paraphrase!

Citing Internet Sources or Sources with No Author

It might be a Corporation/organization Sports nutrition: Nutrition science & the Olympics. (2008). Retrieved from http://btc.montana.edu/olympics/nutrition/default.htm

Self-plagiarism
is the reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing the original work. Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication. this can be illegal if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity.

Thank you