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Digestive tract
Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Primarily glands Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
Accessory organs
Regions
Nervous regulation
Chemical regulation
Production of hormones
Gastrin, secretin
Peritoneum
Visceral: Visceral: Covers organs Parietal: Parietal: Covers interior surface of body wall Retroperitoneal: Retroperitoneal: Behind peritoneum as kidneys, pancreas, duodenum
Mesenteries
Routes which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs Greater omentum Lesser omentum
Oral Cavity
Vestibule: Vestibule: Space between lips or cheeks and alveolar processes Oral cavity proper
Teeth
Two sets
Primary, deciduous, milk: Childhood Permanent or secondary: Adult (32) Incisors, canine, premolar and molars
Types
Tooth structure:
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva
Three pairs
Esophagus
Pharynx
Transports food from pharynx to stomach Passes through esophageal hiatus (opening) of diaphragm and ends at stomach
Sphincters
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Three phases
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Reflex: Reflex: Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, elevated pharynx opens the esophagus, food pushed into esophagus
Esophageal
Reflex: Reflex: Epiglottis is tipped posteriorly, larynx elevated to prevent food from passing into larynx
Functions
Ingestion: Ingestion: Introduction of food into stomach Mastication: Mastication: Chewing Propulsion
Stomach Anatomy:
Openings
Gastroesophageal: Gastroesophageal: To esophagus Pyloric: Pyloric: To duodenum Cardiac Fundus Body Pyloric
Regions
Stomach Histology:
Layers
Submucosa Mucosa
Stomach Histology
Rugae: Rugae: Folds in stomach when empty Gastric pits: Openings pits: for gastric glands
Contain cells
Surface mucous: Mucus Mucous neck: Mucus Parietal: Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Chief: Pepsinogen Endocrine: Regulatory hormones
Movements in Stomach
Small Intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum: Peyers patches or lymph nodules Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, lacteal, microvilli Absorptive, goblet, granular, endocrine
Modifications
Cells of mucosa
Mucus
Protects against digestive enzymes and stomach acids Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides to monosaccharides Peptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bonds Nucleases: Break down nucleic acids Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa
Digestive enzymes
Duodenal glands
Liver
Lobes
Major: Major: Left and right Minor: Minor: Caudate and quadrate Common hepatic Cystic
Ducts
Common bile
Bile production
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron
Storage
Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, wornsome bacteria Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors
Phagocytosis
Synthesis
Duct System
Gallbladder
Bile is stored and concentrated Stimulated by cholecystokinin and vegal stimulation Dumps into small intestine Production of gallstones possible
Pancreas
Anatomy
Secretions
Endocrine
Pancreatic islets produce insulin and glucagon Acini produce digestive enzymes
Exocrine
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipases Enzymes that reduce DNA and ribonucleic acid
Gastric hormones:
Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest Digestion: Mechanical and chemical Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph Elimination: Waste products removed from body
Large Intestine:
Extends from ileocecal junction to anus Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Movements sluggish (18-24 hours) (18- hours)
Large Intestine
Cecum
Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Straight muscular tube Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Pumps
Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions
Mass movements
Defecation reflex
Defecation
Usually accompanied by voluntary movements to expel feces through abdominal cavity pressure caused by inspiration
Digestion
Molecules are moved out of digestive tract and into circulation for distribution throughout body
Liver Histology
portal triad
Figure 24.20a, b
Bile
each day around 600 ml of bile is produced
Bile production
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron
Storage
Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, wornsome bacteria Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors
Phagocytosis
Synthesis
Exocrine Pancreas
Enzymes
Lipoproteins
Types
Chylomicrons
Enter lymph
VLDL LDL
HDL
Water
Can move in either direction across wall of small intestine depending on osmotic gradients Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate are actively transported
Ions
Effects of Aging
Decrease in mucus layer, connective tissue, muscles and secretions Increased susceptibility to infections and toxic agents