Transmission Capabilities:

Networking Cabling
Dr. Malloy MIS 340 Spring 2007 January 25, 2007

Telecommunications Providers View of Transmission Capabilities

Public Switched Telephone Network

Central Office (CO) Local Loop

Trunk

Remote Office

Central Office (CO)

Local Loop

Repeaters
A repeater is a device that receives a digital signal on an electromagnetic or optical transmission medium and regenerates the signal along the next leg of the medium. Repeaters
overcome the attenuation caused by free-space electromagnetic-field divergence or cable loss remove the unwanted noise in an incoming signal are typically placed at 2,000 to 6,000 meter intervals

Amplifiers
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal. Amplifiers:
take power from the circuit and shapes the output signal to match the input signal invariably introduces some noise and distortion into the signal, and the process cannot be 100% efficient are spaced at 18,000 meter intervals

Circuit Switching
Network creates an end-to-end circuit between the sending and receiving computers.
Same as voice networks. Suited to voice and real-time videoconferencing.

Advantages
Voice and real-time transmission No delivery delays

Disadvantages
Costly Need to have direct electrical connection between computers to communicate
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Circuit-Switched Networks
There are three phases to circuit-switched communications:
Creation of the temporary circuit Information transmission Circuit termination

Because there is a limit to the number of switched connections that can be established at a particular point in time, circuit-switched network users may not be able to initiate communication sessions during peak usage times

Circuit-Switched Networks
Interechange Carrier (IXC) Switch Interexchange Carrier (IXC) Switch

Central Office (CO)

Central Office (CO)

Central Office (CO)

Switch

Switch

Switch

Packet Switching
Outgoing message is divided into fixed-size data units called packets
Packets are numbered and addressed to receiving computer Routers examine the packets and send them to their destination

Advantages
Efficient, less expensive, reliable Will function if part of the network is down

Disadvantages
Delays in receiving packets Not ideal for real-time voice communication
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Packet-Switched Networks
In packet-switched networks data is packetized prior to transmission
Each packet is a group of bits organized in a predetermined structure Each packet contains data bits as well as additional overhead information to ensure error-free transmission to intended recipients Packets may be called blocks, cells, datagrams, data units, or frames

Packet assembler/disassemblers (PADs) are responsible for assembling outgoing data into packets for transmission over the packet-switching network as well as for unpacking incoming packets so that data can be 10 delivered to intended recipients

Packet-Switched Networks
PS PAD PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PAD

Packet Distribution Network

Data packets are assembled and sent one at a time, packets associated with the same message or file may follow different paths from the sender to the receiver

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Organizational View of View of Transmission Capabilities

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Physical Media
Physical media used in networks:
Cables Telephone lines, coaxial cable, microwave, satellites, wireless, and fiber optic cables connect computers. Routers Devices that examine the data transmitted and send it to its destination. Switches High speed electronic switches maintain connections between computers.

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The Importance of Structured Cabling

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The Importance of Structured Cabling

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Structured Cabling System

EIA/TIA 568B standard are guidelines defining the six subsystems of a structured cabling system. 1. Building Entrance 2. Equipment Room 3. Backbone Cabling 4. Telecommunication Closet 5. Horizontal Cabling 6. Work Area

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1. Building Entrance 2. Equipment Room 3. Backbone Cabling 4. Telecommunication Closet 5. Horizontal Cabling 6. Work Area

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1. Building Entrance
The point where the outdoor cabling interconnects with the internal building cabling, also called the entrance facilities. Both public and private network cables enter the building at this point.

2. Equipment Room
A room set aside for complex electronic equipment such as the network server and telephone equipment.

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4. Telecommunications Closet
The location of the cabling termination points that includes the mechanical terminations and the distribution frames. The connection of the horizontal cabling to the backbone wiring is made at this point. This is also called the telecommunications room (TR).

6. Work Area
The location of the computer and printer, patch cables, jacks, computer adapter cables, and fiber jumps.
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3. Backbone Cabling
The backbone cabling provides interconnection between telecommunication closets, equipment rooms and entrance facilities. It consists of the backbone cables, intermediate and main cross-connects, mechanical terminations and patch cords or jumpers used for backbone-to-backbone cross-connection. This includes: Vertical connection between floors (risers) Cables between an equipment room and building cable entrance facilities Cables between buildings (inter-building)
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Backbone Cabling Specifications

Cabling Types 100 ohm UTP (24 or 22 AWG) 150 ohm STP Multimode 62.5/125 Qm optical fiber Single-mode 8.3/125 Qm optical fiber Maximum Distance 800 meters (2625 ft) Voice* 90 meters (295 ft) Data* 2,000 meters (6560 ft) 3,000 meters (9840 ft)

* Note: Backbone distances are application dependent based on distance and spectral bandwidth.

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Star Topology

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5. Horizontal Cabling
Cabling that extends out from the telecommunications closet into the LAN work area. Typically, the horizontal wiring is structured in a star topology running to each area. TCO or telecommunication outlets is the wall plate where the twisted-pair cable terminates in the room. In some cases, the TCO terminates telephone, fiber, and video in addition to data into the same wall plate.

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Horizontal Cabling System

The basic blocks of a horizontal cabling system are:
Backbone cabling interconnecting this closet with other closets Switch or hub Patch panels Patch cables Cabling to the LAN Wall plate Patch cable connecting the computer to the wall plate

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Maximum Distance for Horizontal Cabling System

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Horizontal Cabling Media Types

Three media types are recognized as options for horizontal cabling, each extending a maximum distance of 90 meters:
4-pair 100 ohm UTP cable (24 AWG solid conductors) 2-pair 150 ohm STP cables 2 fiber 62.5/125 m optical fiber cable

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Wire Color-Code Standards

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Conducted Media
Twisted Pair Wire Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber

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Twisted Pair Wire

Two or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each other. Twisted pair wire is classified by category. Twisted pair wire is currently Category 1 through Category 5e. Twisting the wires helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the two wires. Shielding can further help to eliminate interference.

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Twisted Pair Wire

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Crosstalk

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Coaxial Cable
A single wire wrapped in a foam insulation surrounded by a braided metal shield, then covered in a plastic jacket. Cable can be thick or thin. Baseband coaxial technology uses digital signaling in which the cable carries only one channel of digital data. Broadband coaxial technology transmits analog signals and is capable of supporting multiple channels of data.

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Coaxial Cable

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Fiber Optic Cable

A thin glass cable approximately a little thicker than a human hair surrounded by a plastic coating and packaged into an insulated cable. A photo diode or laser generates pulses of light which travel down the fiber optic cable and are received by a photo receptor.

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Fiber Optic Cable (reflection and refraction)

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Typical LANs

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Summary of Conducted Media

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Wireless Media
Radio, satellite transmissions, and infrared light are all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data.

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Wireless Media
Microwave Satellite Mobile Telephone Infrared Broadband Wireless

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Microwave
Land-based, line-of-sight transmission Approximately 20-30 miles maximum between towers Transmits data at billions of bits per second Popular with telephone companies and business to business transmissions
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Microwave

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Satellite
Satellites can be classified by how far out into orbit each one is (LEO, MEO, and GEO).

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Satellite
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - 100 miles to 1000 miles. Used for pagers, wireless e-mail, special mobile telephones, spying, videoconferencing. Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) - 1000 to 22,300 miles. Used for GPS and government. Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) - 22,300 miles. Used for weather, television, and government operations.

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Other Satellite Classification

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Mobile Telephone
Wireless telephone service, such as cellular telephone, cell digital packet data, and PCS. To support multiple users in a metropolitan area (market), the market is broken into cells. Each cell has its own transmission tower and set of assignable channels.

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Cellular Network

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Mobile Telephone
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) 1st popular mobile phone service, uses analog signals and dynamically assigned frequency division multiplexing. Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) Applies digital time division multiplexing on top of AMPS. Personal Communication Systems (PCS) - All-digital mobile phone service (2G). PCS phones come in three technologies:
TDMA - Time division multiple access CDMA - Code division multiple access GSM - Global system for mobile communications
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Cellular Digital Packet Data

Technology that supports a wireless connection for the transfer of computer data from a mobile location to the public telephone network and the Internet. Can be used in conjunction with mobile telephones and laptop computers. All digital transfer but relatively slow at 19,200 bps. Emergency services make use of CDPD.

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Pagers
Typically one-way communication service that uses ground-based and sometimes satellite-based systems. Some systems are two-way. Some systems can transmit small text messages.

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Infrared Transmissions
Special transmissions that use a focused ray of light in the infrared frequency range. Very common with remote control devices, but can also be used for device-to-device transfers, such as PDA to computer.

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Broadband Wireless Systems

Delivers Internet services into homes and businesses. Designed to bypass the local loop telephone line. Transmits voice, data and video over high frequency radio signals. Two basic technologies: Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) Local multipoint distribution system (LMDS)

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Media Selection Criteria

Cost Speed Distance and expandability Environment Security

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Questions

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