The Skeletal System

Function of the Bones

Support Bones the steel girders and rein forced of the body, from the internal that supports and anchors all soft organs. Protection- Bones protect soft body organs. Movement- Skeletal muscles, attached by tendons, use the bones as levers to move to the body and its part. Storage- Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bone itself serves as a storehouse. Blood cell formation- Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis

Classification of the Bones

Compact bone- is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. Spongy Bone- is composed of small needlelike pieces of the bone and lots of open space.

Bones are classifies according to their shape

Long bones- are typically longer than their wide. As a rule they have shaft with heads at both ends.

 Short Bones- are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.

 Flat bones- are thin, flattened, and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.

 Irregular bone- Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories.

Structure of a the Bone

Diaphysis-Make up most of the bones length and is composed of compact bone. Periosteum- Hundreds of connective tissue fibers, called Sharpeys fibers, secure the periosteum to the underlying bone. Epiphyses- Are the ends of the long bone. Articular cartilage- instead of a periosteum ,covers its external surface. Because the articular cartilage is glassy hyaline cartilage.

 Epiphyseal line- The epiphyseal Line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate seen in a young, growing bone. Epiphyseal plates- cause the lengthwise growth of lone bone. Yellow marrow/Medullary- primarily a storage area for dispose tissue. Red Marrow- is confined to the cavities of spongy bone of plat bones and the epiphyses of some lone bones.

Common types of fractures

Comminuted- Bone brake into many fragments Compression- Bone crushed Depressed- Broken bone portion is pressed inward.

 Spiral- Ragged break incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks.

AXIAL SKELETON
Skull is composed of 2 set of bones: 1)Cranium 2)Facial bones CRANIUM---encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue . Facial bones---provide attachment for some muscles of facial expression.

8 BONES THAT CONSIST THE CRANIUM

FRONTAL BONES---anterior portion of cranium which forms the forehead superior part of the orbit &anterior part of Of cranial floor. PARIETAL BONES---posterior & lateral to the frontal bone forming sides of cranium. *Sagittal suture---midline articulation point of the two parietal bones. *Coronal suture---point where the parietals meet the frontal bone.

 TEMPORAL BONES---Inferior to parietal bone on lateral part of the skull. *Squamous suture---point where the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone. *Zygomatic process---a bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. *External acoustic meatus--- canal leading to eardrum. *Styloid process---needle like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as attachment point for for

Muscles & ligaments of the neck.

*Mastoid process---rough projection inferior &posterior to external auditory meatus an attachment site for muscles. *Jugular foramen---opening medial to styloid process through which the internal jugular vein &cranial nerve. *Carotid canal---opening medial to the styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial Cavity

 *Internal acoustic meatus---opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass. OCCIPITAL BONES--- most posterior bone of cranium. *Lambdoid suture---point articulation of occipital bone &parietal bone *Foramen magnum---large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain. *Occipital condyles---rounded projection lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical Vertebra.

 SPHENOID BONES---Is a single complex butterfly bone &forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity. *Greater wings---portion of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull anterior to theTemporal bones *Sella turcica--- (Turks saddle)a saddle shape region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary Gland in a living person.

 *Lesser wings--- Bat shaped portion of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica. *Foramen Ovale---opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve to pass. ETHMOID BONE--- Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid & forms the roof of the nasal cavity,Upper nasal septum &part of medial orbit walls.

 *Crista galli--- (cocks comb) vertical projection to which the dura mater (outermost membrane Covering of the brain) attaches. *Cribriform plates---bony plate lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the Brain from nasal mucosa. *Superior and middle nasal conchae --(turbinates) : thin delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity.

 *MANDIBLE---- the lower jawbone articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joint of the skull. *BODY---horizontal portion forms the chain *RAMUS----vertical extension of the body on either side. *Alveolar margin---superior margin of mandible contains sockets for the lower teeth.

 *MAXILLAE----Two bone fused in a median suture. Form the upper jawbone & parts of the orbit. *Alveolar margin inferior margin containing socket (alveoli) in which teeth lie. *Palatine processes form the anterior hard palate. *PALATINE---paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate and part of orbit.

 *ZYGOMATIC---Lateral to the maxilla; forms the part of the face commonly called the cheek bone, and part of the lateral orbit. *LACRIMAL---Fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medical orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each lacrimal bone has an opening that serves as a passage way for tears (lacrima means tear). *NASAL---Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose.

 *VOMER (vomer=flow)---Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that form most of the nasal septum. *INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE(turbinates)---Thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity;serve the same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

 *HYOID BONE---not really consider or counted as a skull bone. It is located at the throat above the larynx;point of attachment fo many tongue and neck muscle. Horseshoe-shaped with a body and two parts of horns, or cornua. *FETAL SKULL---The skull of a fetus or newborn infant is different in many ways from an adult skull.

Lower Limbs and Girdles

Lower limb-The lower limb consists of the bones of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. Thigh-Is the region between the hip and the knee Femur-Single bone -The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the coxa, and the condyles, at the distal end of the femur, articulate with the tibia.

 Epicondyles-Located medial and lateral to the condyles Are points of ligaments attachment. The femur can be distinguished from the humerus by sing its long neck located between the head and the trochanters Trochanters-Are points of muscle attachment Patella-Or kneecap is located within the major tendon of the anterior thigh muscles and enables the tendons to turn the corner over the knee.

 Leg-Is the regional between the knee and the ankle 2 Bones Fibula - resembling a clasp of buckle Tibia- shin-bone Tibia- is the larger of the two and is the major weight bearing bone of the leg. The rounded condyle of the femur rest on the flat condyles of the tibia, on its anterior surface, is tibial tuberosity, where the muscles of the interior thigh attach.

 Malleolus-Hammer or mallet of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula Ankles

7 Tarsal
Talus Calcaneous Cuboid Nabicular

Medial cuneiforms Intermediate cuneiforms Lateral cuneiforms The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to forms the heel.

Foot
Metatarsals-Are somewhat longer than metacarpals, whereas the phalanges f the foot are considerably shorter than those on the hands.There are 3 primary archers in the foot, formed by the positions of the tarsals and the metatarsals, held in the place by ligaments. Two longitudinal arches extend across the foot.

Vertebral column (spine)

serving as the axial support of the body extends from the skull, which supports the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs formed from 26 irregular bones connected and reinforcedby ligaments

 Vertebrae-before birth, the spine consists of 33 separated bones -9 of the eventually fuse to form the two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx) -24 single bones are: -7 in cervical vertebrae -12 in thoracic vertebrae -5 in lumbar vertebrae

 inter vertebral discs-the single vertebrae are separated by pads of flexible fibrocartilage body or centrum disc like, weight-bearing part of the vertebrae facing anteriorly in the vertebral column vertebral arch-arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions laminae and pendicles are from the vertebral body

 vertebral foramen-canal through which the spinal cord passes opening formed by a neural arch through which the spinal cord passes transverse process-two lateral projections from the vertebral arch a process that projects on the dorsal solateral aspect of the neural arch of a vertebra

 spinous process-single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch superior and inferior articular processpaired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen,allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

neck region of the spine the first two vertebrae called atlas and axis are different,because the perform functions not shared by the other cervical vertebrae ATLAS (C1) has no body contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull this joint allows you to nod yes

 AXIS (C2) acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull) above large upright process DENS or ODONTOID PROCESS which acts as pivot joint the joint between C1 and C2 allows you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate no

 (C3-C7) smallest, lightest vertebrae and most often their spinous processes are short and divided into two branches Thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12) larger than the cervical vertebrae heart shaped and has two constant facets protects the heart and lungs

 Lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) short, hatchet-shaped spinous process look like a moose head from the lateral aspect these are the sturdest of the vertebrae Sacrum-formed by the fusion of five vertebrae ALAE winglike MEDIAN SACRAL CREST posterior midline surface is roughened

 Coccyx-formed form the fusion of three to five tiny , irregularly shaped vertebrae human tail bone a small bone that articulates with the sacrum consists of four fused vertebrae which form the terminus of the spinal column