Welcome

to Physics 24.

PHYSICS 24 Engineering Physics II

Fall 2011 Dr. Allan Pringle Course Instructor Room 122 Physics, 341-4031 http://www.mst.edu/~pringle pringle@mst.edu
http://physics.mst.edu/classes/class_24.html

Today s agenda: Course overview. Physics 23: a reminder. Coulomb s Law (electrical force between charged particles).
After today, you must be able to calculate the electrical forces between two or more charged particles.

Important Note
The next few slides summarize important information contained in the course handbook. Please refer to the handbook for details. In case of discrepancy between these notes and the handbook, the version of the handbook on the Physics 24 web site is the official word.

Course Description
Physics 24 is a 4-hour, calculus-based introductory physics course. This is the second semester of the Engineering Physics sequence. The S&T catalog reads: An introduction to electricity, magnetism, and light, with emphasis on topics needed by engineering students. Prerequisites: Physics 23, Math 21 or 15.

Text
The text is University Physics, Young and Freedman, 12th Edition.

Course Schedule
Physics 24 lectures are Monday and Wednesday. Recitations are Tuesday and Thursday. Labs take place throughout the week. Homework assignments are being handed out today and are posted on the course web site.

Section Changes
For the first week or two of class, see the office staff in the department office (102 Physics) to make section changes. Dont come to me this week asking to make a section change, because Ill just ask why you werent listening in lecture, and then send you to 102 Physics!

Examinations
There will be four exams worth 200 points each. The first three are during the semester; the fourth is the final exam. Exam rooms will be announced later. The exams will cover concepts and definitions, assigned problems with minor numerical changes, and problems similar to those assigned but requiring a deeper understanding of concepts or more complex calculations. Assigned reading material not covered in lecture is testable. There will be a 50-point multiple-choice end-material test given concurrently with the final exam.

The first three exams are from 5:00-6:15 pm on exam days.

Tuesday, September 20 Tuesday, October 18 Tuesday, November 15

If you have a schedule conflict, you need to resolve it now. You can drop Physics 24, drop the other class causing the schedule conflict, or take the exam from 5:30-6:45 pm on exam day.

There are only two circumstances under which you may take an hour exam at a different time: 1. You are involved in an official university event and have a faculty sponsor who can administer the exam at some other time on exam day and ensure exam security. 2. You have a lab or a test in another class (that offers no makeups) during exam time. In that case you may take the exam from 5:30-6:45 pm.

See this memo for details about exceptions 1 and 2:

http://campus.mst.edu/physics/courses/24/CourseInformation/sponsor_mst.pdf

The Final Exam will be Tuesday, December 13, from 1:30 pm 3:30 pm. There are NO MAKEUPS for the final exam (the lowest exam score is dropped, so if you cannot take the final, that is your dropped score). So reserve that time in your calendar TODAY, and make sure that time remains free!

Course Grades
The lowest of the four exam scores will be dropped. There will be twelve 5-point lecture quizzes during the semester. The quizzes will cover recently-assigned reading material and problems. Your two lowest quiz scores will be dropped. Recitations will be devoted in part to student presentation of their homework, usually* at the blackboard. A maximum of 100 points will be given for boardwork. Homework will be collected six times in recitation, with the lowest homework score dropped.
*See your recitation instructor right away if there will be issues with working your homework at the blackboard.

The following table summarizes the points available during the course:
Three Exam Scores End-Material Test Ten Quizzes Homework Boardwork Labs (lowest dropped) Total 600 50 50 50 100 150 1000

Letter grades for Physics 24 will be assigned as follows:

895.0- up 795.0 894.999 695.0 794.999 595.0 694.999 Below 595.0 A (89.50%) B (79.50%) C (69.50%) D (59.50%) F
Grade cutoffs will not be lowered!

There is no limit to the number of A's, B's, etc.

Make-Up Exam Policy

There are no make-ups in this course. The dropping of the lowest score is intended to accommodate students who miss one exam due to hospitalization, illness, family emergencies, mental stress, athletic events, etc.

See the Physics 24 handbook for procedures for incompletes and for taking an exam if you are out of town on an official university event. Also see the handbook for notes on appealing course policies.

Important Dates
The last day to drop this class without a withdrawal showing on your transcript is Monday, October 3, 2011. The last day to withdraw from this class is Friday, November 11, 2011.

Drop Policy
Students with inadequate attendance may* be dropped. Any student who has inadequate attendance, as evidenced by missing 7 classes or a total of 7 graded assignments of any kind (exams, homework, quizzes, boardwork, and labs) will be placed on Academic Alert. Students who fail to take the recommended action are subject to being dropped if a subsequent assignment is missed.
*But do not rely on being dropped. If you need to drop, do it yourself.

Homework and the PLC

Homework help will be available at the Physics Learning Center (PLC). You may excel in the course without ever setting foot in the PLC. You may need to spend ten hours in the PLC every week just to pass. The PLC is open from 2:00-4:30 pm and 6:00-8:30 pm. The PLC operates in rooms 129-130 of Physics, with Physics 24 help available on Mondays and Wednesdays. Individual tutors are also available. For up-to-date information visit the web site http://lead.mst.edu. The first PLC will be Wed., Aug. 24. (One recitation instructor will be available Monday evening, Aug. 22.)
I had to study ten hours a week for this four-hour class! (Student complaint on spring 2005 course evaluations.)

Regrade Requests
If you want an assignment regraded, please write the reason for the request on a sheet of paper, staple it to the assignment, and return it to your recitation instructor (see course handbook for deadlines). Specify which problem you want regraded, and provide a detailed written statement as to why the original work which appeared on the assignment deserves more points. Don't wait until final grades are posted and ask for Exam 1 to be regraded. Don't wait until after the final exam and ask that grade cutoffs be lowered by 1 point so you can get the next higher grade; it wont happen. However, scoring mistakes (points added up wrong, score recorded incorrectly) can be corrected at any time.

No Labs This Week!

Dont go to lab thislabs! Labs start on Monday of next week. forget about week!

your recitation instructor Your First Line of Defense Your recitation instructor is your first line of defense. He/she is there to help you succeed. Everythinghomework, exams, labs, regrade requests, etc., will be channeled through your recitation instructor.

Unresolved Complaints
It is hoped that any complaints about the course can be resolved in a collegial manner through discussions between student and instructor. However, if there are any complaints that cannot be resolved, you may take them up with the Physics Department Chairman, Dr. Dan Waddill (waddill@mst.edu ).

We don t ask much out of you in this class

Announcements
Make sure you pick up the handouts containing: Course Handbook Syllabus Starting Equations Special Homework assignments.* Go to Blackboard or http://physics.mst.edu/currentcourses/labs.html to get a lab schedule. There are no labs this week. Your recitation instructor will call students to the board tomorrow. You may use your calculator, a blank handout problem sheet, and the starting equation sheet. Nothing else. We do understand that this is only the second day of class.
*If you lose your Special Homework assignments, you can download them from the Physics 24 web site.

From the syllabus: 1. Tuesday, August 23 21: 5, 18, 23, 72, Special Homework #1

Today s agenda: Course overview. Physics 23: a reminder. Coulomb s Law (electrical force between charged particles).
After today, you must be able to calculate the electrical forces between two or more charged particles.

Prologue
Tell me some things you recall from last* semester y Newtons Laws

& & F ! ma
y energy and its conservation

1 KE ! mv 2 2

U spring

1 2 ! ks 2

U grav ! mgy

E!KU

E f  E i ! ?Wother Ai pf

*or whenever you took your previous physics class

y momentum and its conservation (linear and angular)

& & p ! mv )) )& & Pf ! Pi

L z ! I[z L z,f ! L z,i

y laws of thermodynamics

(U ! Qin  Wout

These things arent going to go away!

This semester we study electromagnetic forces and their consequences. These forces are responsible for holding together living and man-made things, as well as all things in nature, so I suppose they are worth studying not to mention the fact that the technology that dominates your life depends on electromagnetic forces.

Today s agenda: Course overview. Physics 23: a reminder. Coulomb s Law (electrical force between charged particles).
After today, you must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

Electric Charge
Static Electricity There are two kinds of charge. +

Properties of charges y like charges repel y unlike charges attract y charges can move but charge is conserved Law of conservation of charge: the net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero. (Not on your starting equation
sheet, but a fact that you can use any time.)

Although there are two kinds of charged particles in an atom, electrons are the charges that usually move around. +

A proton is roughly 2000 times more massive than an electron. Charges are quantized (come in units of e= 1.6x10-19 C). The charge of an electron is e = 1.6x10-19 coulombs. The charge of a proton is +e = +1.6x10-19 coulombs.

Why is the fundamental unit of charge e = 1.602x10-19 C. Why not just 1?

Nitpicking: electric charge is a property of matter, not a thing in itself. It is not good to say like charges repel. It is good to say like-charged particles repel. I choose the not good terminology here to be consistent with your text.

It would be much more convenient if + charged particles were the ones that moved easily. So whos the clown who decided electrons have negative charges?

And yes, he really flew the kite in the thunderstorm. See here. Franklins experiments showed him that there were two kinds of charge, which he named positive and negative. More than a century later we learned that negative charges are associated with electrons.
Oh, and the next two people who tried the kite experiment were killed in the process.

Coulombs Law
Coulombs law quantifies the magnitude of the electrostatic force. Coulombs law gives the force (in newtons) between charges q1 and q2, where r12 is the distance in meters between the charges, and k=9x109 Nm2/C2.

q1q 2 F !k 2 12 r12

a note on starting equations

F !k 2 12 r12 q1q 2
is on your starting equation sheet.

In general, you need to begin solutions with starting equations. You may begin with any correct variant of a starting equation.

QA QB For example, F ! k E D2

is legal and may be used.

Dont get hung up about starting a problem with an equation which is an exact copy of one from the OSE sheet.

Force is a vector quantity. The equation on the previous slide gives the magnitude of the force. If the charges are opposite in sign, the force is attractive; if the charges are the same in sign, the force is repulsive. Also, the constant k is equal to 1/(4TI0), where I0=8.85x10-12 C2/Nm2. I could write Coulombs Law like this

& q1q 2 F ! k 2 , attractive for unlike 12 r12

To make this into a really good starting equation I should also specify repulsive for like, but that makes it too wordy. Youll just have to remember how to find the direction.

Remember, a vector has a magnitude and a direction.

The equation is valid for point charges. If the charged objects are spherical and the charge is uniformly distributed, r12 is the distance between the centers of the spheres. r12 +

If more than one charge is involved, the net force is the vector sum of all forces (superposition). For objects with complex shapes, you must add up all the forces acting on each separate charge (turns into calculus!). + + + -

We could have agreed that in the formula for F, the symbols q1 and q2 stand for the magnitudes of the charges. In that case, the absolute value signs would be unnecessary. However, in later equations the sign of the charge will be important, so we really need to keep the magnitude part. On your homework diagrams, show both the magnitudes and signs of q1 and q2. Your starting equation sheet has this version of the equation:

q1q 2 F !k 2 , 12 r12

I want this class to make you hear little voices in your head.

which gives you the magnitude F12 and tells you that you need to figure out the direction separately.

A sample Coulombs law problem involving multiple charges is on the following slides. I will work the problem on the blackboard in lecture. Usually vector problems are easiest if you manipulate the whole vector at once, using unit vectors. Sometimes it is easier to work the problem a component at a time. The slides use the component-at-a-time approach, and techniques you learned in Physics 23. At the blackboard I will use the unit vector approach. I recommend the unit vector approach.

Solving Problems Involving Coulomb s Law and Vectors

You may wish to review vectors (on your own). Example: Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q3 due to the charges Q1 and Q2. y
Q3=+65QC 30 cm Finish, then Skip to slide 46.

U=30 Q2=+50QC 52 cm Q1=-86QC

Step 0: Think!
This is a Coulombs Law problem (all we have to work with, so far). We only want the forces on Q3. Dont worry about other forces. Forces are additive, so we can calculate F32 and F31 and add the two. If we do our vector addition using components, we must resolve our forces into their x- and y-components.

Step 1: Diagram
F32 Draw a representative sketchdone. Q3=+65QC
30 cm

Draw and label relevant quantitiesdone.

F31

Draw axes, showing origin and directions Q2=+50QC done.

U=30 Q1=-86QC 52 cm

Draw and label forces (only those on Q3). Draw components of forces which are not along axes.

Step 2: Starting Equation

y
Q3=+65QC 30 cm

F32 F31

U=30 Q2=+50QC 52 cm Q1=-86QC

q1q 2 F !k 2 12 r12
<complaining> Do I have to put in the absolute value signs? Yes. Unless you like losing points.

Step 3: Replace Generic Quantities by Specifics

y

repulsive Q 3Q 2 !k 2 F 32, y r32

r32=30 cm

& Q 3Q 2 F !k 2 , 32 r32

F32 F31

Q3=+65QC

U=30 Q1=-86QC 52 cm

Q2=+50QC

F ! 0 (from diagram) 32, x

Can you put numbers in at this point? OK for this problem. You would get F32,y = 330 N and F32,x = 0 N.

Step 3 (continued)
& Q3Q1 F !k 2 , 31 r31 attractive Q3Q1 !  k 2 cos U F 31, x r31
(+ sign comes from diagram) y
Q3=+65QC r32=30 cm

F32 F31

U=30 Q1=-86QC 52 cm

Q2=+50QC

! k 2 sin U F 31, y r31

Q3Q1

(- sign comes from diagram)

Can you put numbers in at this point? OK for this problem. You would get F31,x = +120 N and F31,y = -70 N.

Step 3: Complete the Math

y The net force is the vector sum of all the forces on Q3.
Q3=+65QC 30 cm

F32 F31

F3

U=30 Q2=+50QC 52 cm Q1=-86QC

F3x = F31,x + F32,x = 120 N + 0 N = 120 N F3y = F31,y + F32,y = -70 N + 330 N = 260 N You know how to calculate the magnitude F3 and the angle between F3 and the x-axis. (If not, holler!)

I did a sample Coulombs law calculation using three point charges. How do you apply Coulombs law to objects that contain distributions of charges? Well use another tool to do that