A Group II Presentation

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Although many different hormones circulate throughout the bloodstream, each one affects only the cells that are genetically programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of

A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. Some types of glands release their secretions in specific areas. Endocrine glands, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body.

A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hormones help to regulate:

Volume and Chemical Composition of Extra-Cellular Fluid. Metabolism Biological Clock (Circadian Rhythms) Glandular Secretions Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers Some immune system activities.

Hormones control growth and development. Hormones govern the operation of reproductive systems.

Different Endocrine Glands in Our Body

THE ENDOCRINE Glands

Hypothalamus Gland Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands

Thymus Gland Pancreas Adrenal Gland Ovaries Testes

Hypothalamus Gland

A small gland about 1.0 cm in diameter located at the base of the brain It is found above and intimately associated with pituitary gland. Hypothalamus gland also controls the pituitary gland.

The main function of the Hypothalamus is homeostasis, or maintaining the bodys status quo. Responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian cycles, energy levels, metabolism, heart rate etc. Serves as a high link between the endocrine system and nervous system

It has the power to govern the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamus also controls pituitary output by secreting specific chemicals to the pituitary's front lobe. Hypothalamus organizes and controls many complex emotions, feelings and moods, as well as all motivational states including hunger, appetite and food intake, and everything to do with the concept of pleasure including satisfaction, comfort and creative activities. It also involves the

Gland

Hormones

Major Functions

Disorder from too much secretion Overactive anterior pituitary

Disorder from too little secretion Underactive anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Releasing hormones

Stimulates anterior pituitary

The position and location of the Hypothalamus Gland in the brain

Pituitary Gland

A small gland located at the base of the brain in the depression of the skull. It is only about the size of a pea. Connected to the brain through a short stalk called infundibulum It is often called the master gland Pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus gland It has two lobes Anterior lobe or adenohypophysis (front lobe) Intermediate lobe or pars intermedia (boundary lobe) Posterior lobe or neurohypophysis (back lobe)

Pituitary Gland
It govern the functions of the other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes in the human body Promote and produces certain hormones Responsible for the growth hormone (GH) for stimulating growth and cell reproduction For secreting prolactin (PRL) for stimulating milk Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is required for stimulating the adrenal cortex It releases hormones to stimulate the thyroid gland, known as the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) It also releases the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for taking care of the pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. Another hormone, which is the luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted to development in female, and stimulates leydig cell production of testosterone in men.

Pituitary Gland

Responsible for releasing the oxytocin hormone; is required after distension of the cervix and the vagina during labor. It also stimulates the nipples, facilitating birth and breast-feeding The antidiuretic hormone (ADH and also known as vasopressin) release,. This regulates water balance and causes the increase in the absorption of water into the blood by the kidneys

Pituitary Gland

Boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes. Also known as the pars intermedia, the main function of the intermediate lobe is to produce the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). This belongs to a class of peptide hormones and works on melanocytes which are skin cells that contain the black pigment. However, the function of this lobe is only evident during the fetal development, and is regarded to be

Gland

Hormones

Major functions

Disorder from Disorder from too too much much little secretion secretion

Thyroid stimulating (TSH) Adreno corticotropic (ACTH) Follicle stimulating (FSH) Luteinizing (LH) or Interstitial cell stimulating (ICSH Prolactin (PRL) Growth (GH)

Stimulates thyroid Stimulates adrenal cortex Regulates egg and sperm production Regulates sex hormones production

Overactive thyroid Overactive adrenal cortex Overactive ovaries/testes Overactivesecretion of sex hormones

Underactive thyroid

Underactive adrenal cortex Underactive ovaries/testes Under-secretion of sex hormones

Anterior Pituitary

Causes milk Overactiveproduction after secretion of milk giving birth Promotes growth Gigantism

Under-secretion of milk Dwarfism

Gland

Hormones

Major functions

Disorder from too much secretion

Disorder from too much little secretion Diabetes insipidus

Causes water retention by (Diverse) kidneys Posterior Pituitary Causes Oxytocin uterine contraction To control Intermediate Melanocyte skin Pituitary stimulating pigmentation Antidiuretic (ADH)

The location and parts of the Pituitary Gland

Pineal Gland

Also called as the third eye A small endocrine gland located near the center of the brain. Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone It weighs little more than 0.1 gram

It secretes the hormone melatonin

Melatonin is the only hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Melatonin was discovered in 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner and other researchers working at Yale University. Melatonin was produced in humans, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. It is present in very small amounts in the human body. Research discoveries in the 1970s and 80s suggested that it regulates both sleeping cycles and the hormonal changes that usher in sexual maturity in adolescence

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid glands are butterfly The thyroid glands are butterfly shaped glands located in the neck They are found around the neck and sides of the trachea just below the larynx

regulates basal metabolic rate regulates body temperature regulates appetite promotes expulsion of glucose for energy stimulates protein synthesis increases lipolysis maintains standards for cardiac function regulates cholesterol levels enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system promotes body and skeletal growth

Gland

Hormones

Major function
Increases metabolic rate and cellular respiration Decreases plasma levels of calcium

Disorder from too much secretion

Exophthalmic goiter

Disorder from too little secretion

Simple goiter, cretinism

Thyroxin Thyroid Calcitonin

Tetany

Weak bones

Parathyroid Gland

Small glandular bodies located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid There are four tiny parathyroid gland that rest near the thyroid

To regulate the amount of calcium in the body. The glands manufacture and secrete Parathormone (PTH). If the calcium level in the body is low, more hormone is secreted. Too much calcium in the blood and the parathyroid glands decrease the level of hormone.

Parathyroid Gland

To provide the electrical energy for our nervous and muscular system. The most important thing that calcium does in the human body is provide the means for electrical impulses to travel along nerves. Calcium is what the nervous system of our body uses to conduct electricity. This is why the most common symptoms of parathyroid disease and high calcium levels are related to the nervous system (depression, weakness, tiredness, etc.) To provide strength to our skeletal system. Everyone knows that calcium is used to make our bones strong, but this is really only half the story. The bones themselves serve as the storage system that we use to make sure we will always have a good supply of calcium. Remember, the most important role of calcium is to provide for the proper functioning of our nervous system--not to provide strength to our bones--that is secondary.

Gland

Hormones

Major Functions

Disorder from too much secretion

Disorder from too little secretion

Parathyroid

Increases plasma Parathormone levels of (PTH) calcium and phosphorus

Weak bones

Tetany

Pancreas

A gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system

The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is made up of approximately a million cell clusters called islets of Langerhans Produce hormones classified by their secretion
Glucagon ( cells) increase glucose in the blood Insulin ( cells) decrease glucose in the blood Somatostatin ( cells) regulates/stops and cells Pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)

Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes for digestion

Gland

Hormones

Major Functions

Disorder from too much secretion

Disorder from too little secretion Diabetes mellitus

Insulin Pancreas Glucagon

Lowers blood sugar

Shock

Raises blood sugar

adrenal GLand

Also known as Suprarenal glands About 1-2 inches in length and weigh only a fraction of an ounce while secreting three dozens of hormones It is found on the left and right top side of the kidneys
Right suprarenal gland is triangular in shape Left suprarenal gland is semilunar in shape

Pair of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream It has two parts
Cortex Medulla

adrenal GLand
It is divided into two distinct organs
Outer region Inner region

Outer Region
secretes hormones which have important effects on the way in which energy is stored and food is used, on chemicals in the blood, and on characteristics such as hairiness and body shape

Inner Region
part of the sympathic nervous system and is the body's first line of defense and response to physical and emotional stresses

Gland

Hormones

Major Functions

Disorder from too much secretion

Disorder from too little secretion

Cortisol

Causes
gluconeogenesis

Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone

Causes sodium retention and potassium secretion by kidneys

Cushings syndrome

Addisons syndrome

Ovaries
Secretes progesterone and estrogen

Testes
Secretes testosterone

THYMUS Gland

In children the thymus is pinkish-gray in color and in adults it is yellow This organ enlarges during adulthood, and atrophies at puberty

It is responsible for the immune system specially for growing children

One of the more prevalent endocrine system diseases, diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough of the hormone insulin or the body does not effectively use the insulin it does produce. Because insulin is instrumental in helping the body convert sugars and starches into necessary energy, there can be serious consequences if diabetes is left undiagnosed and/or untreated.

Type I Diabetes
-Characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency. Can be further classified as immunemediated or idiopathic -Can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of the diabetes cases in children

Type II Diabetes
-Characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion -It is the most common type

-Keep meat, poultry and fish servings to about 3 ounces (about

the size of a deck of cards) -Try to eat sensible meals and snacks at regular times throughout the day -Drink plenty of water or other "no-calorie" beverage -Don t cut out the foods you love to eat, just cut down the amount or portion size and eat it less often -Eat more vegetables -Exercise regularly -Choose foods with little or no added sugar -Eat foods made from a variety of whole grains such as whole wheat bread, brown rice, oats, and whole grain corn-every day -Try not to eat out of boredom or frustration. If you're not hungry, do something else

 Condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone

 Delayed puberty Double vision or difficulty with side (peripheral) vision Frontal bossing and a prominent jaw Headache Increased sweating Irregular periods (menstruation) Large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes Release of breast milk Thickening of the facial features Weakness

Robert Pershing Wadlow

(February 22, 1918 July 15, 1940) - was the tallest person in the history for whom there is irrefutable evidence. Wadlow sometimes known as Giant of Illinois. He reached 8 ft. 11.1 inches in height, he died at age of 22. He showed no indication of an end to his growth even at the time of his death.

Bao Xishun (born 1951) - is a Mongols herdsman from Inner Mongolia, China, who was recognized by Guinness World Records as one of the world's tallest living men. He reached 7 ft. 9 inches in height.

Sultan Ksen (December 10, 1982) - holds the Guinness World Record for tallest living male at 2.51 m (8 ft. 3 in). He works as a part-time farmer. On 25 August 2009, overtaking former world record holder Bao Xishun who stands 2.36 m (7 ft. 8.9 in) tall.

 is characterized by short stature. Technically, that means an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or under, according to the advocacy group Little People of America (LPA). can be caused by any one of more than 300 conditions, most of which are genetic. The most common type, accounting for 70% of all cases of short stature, is called achondroplasia. can and most often does occur in families where both parents are of average height. In fact, 4 out of 5 of children with achondroplasia are born to average-size parents.

Poor growth Failure to thrive Short stature Short bones, arms and legs Normal size skull Normal size spine Normal intelligence Normal sexual organs Short feet and hands

Junrey Balawing
(June 12, 1993) - holds the Guinness World Record for shortest man at the height of 24 inches (61cms) from head to foot. Balawing unseated Khagendra Thapa Magar of Nepal who is 26.4 inches tall.

Khagendra Thapa Magar

(October 4, 1992) - formerly the shortest man at the height of 26.4 inches tall. He lost his title of "World's Shortest Man" on June 12, 2011, to Junrey Balawing of the Philippines.

He PingPing
(July 13, 1988 March 13, 2010) - He measured 74 cm (2 ft. 5 in) tall, he lost his title of "World's Shortest Man to Khagendra Thapa Magar of Balgung district, Nepal. He died because of being a chain smoker.

 Is a swelling in the thyroid gland, which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box). Goitre rarely occurs when the thyroid gland is functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% cases of goitre are caused by iodine deficiency

Growth Pattern Uninodular (struma uninodosa) can be either inactive or a toxic nodule Multinodular (struma nodosa) can likewise be inactive or toxic Diffuse (struma diffuse) with the whole thyroid appearing to be enlarged Size Class I

palpation struma in normal posture of the head, it cannot be seen; it is only found by palpation struma is palpative and can be easily seen the struma is very large and is retrosternal

Class II Class III

Complication
Difficulty swallowing or breathing Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Thyroid cancer Toxic nodular goiter

Treatment
Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland, particularly if the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone Surgery to remove all or part of the gland Small doses of Lugol's iodine or potassium iodine solution if the goiter is due to iodine deficiency Treatment with thyroid hormone supplements if the goiter is due to underactive thyroid

 Eat a diet rich in natural iodine, which include ocean foods such as seafood, fish and kelp. Including these foods in your diet can ensure that you are digesting sufficient iodine to prevent and reduce goiter and iodine-deficient hypothyroidism. Increase your vitamin and mineral intake by eating a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables. Fresh raw fruits and vegetables are the most important part of any natural medicine treatment. Drink three cups of green tea daily. Studies have found that green tea is high in natural fluoride, an effective natural medicine for thyroid problems and goiter. Green tea is also high in antioxidants, helping to eliminate toxins and free radicals from the body that can speed the growth of tumors and goiter.

 A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones. It is characterized by a number of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness in which there may be very low blood pressure and coma. Symptoms of Addison's disease progress slowly, they may go unrecognized until a physically stressful event, such as another illness, surgery, or an accident. All of a sudden, the symptoms may

 Chronic fatigue and muscle weakness. Loss of appetite, inability to digest food, weight loss. Low blood pressure (hypotension) that falls further when standing. This makes a person dizzy, sometimes to the point of fainting. Blotchy, dark tanning and freckling of the skin. Blood sugar abnormalities, including dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Inability to cope with stress. Moodiness, irritability, and

 Sudden penetrating pain in the lower back, abdomen, or legs. Severe vomiting and diarrhea, followed by dehydration. Low blood pressure. Loss of

 It involves replacing, substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. Cortisol is replaced orally with a hydrocortisone tablets, a synthetic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid called fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef) if the aldosterone is also deficient; it is taken once a day. During an Addisonian crisis, low blood pressure, low blood glucose, and high levels of potassium can be life threatening. Standard therapy

A Group II Presentation