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medium
Vermiculite
Perlite
Sterilized
organic compounds
Loosen the medium Create larger air spaces between the particles Include:
Peat Moss
Sphagnum Moss
Leaf Mold
Bark
Hydroponics-
growing plants in a nutrient solution consisting of water and dissolved nutrient salts
Advantages
Complete control of nutrient solution Greater yield per unit area through closer spacing of plants Less spreading of roots Reduced need for control of weeds, disease, and insects due to absence of soil
Hydroponic
Mineral matter
Formed from inorganic sources, such as rocks and minerals
Organic matter
Decayed or partially decayed plant and animal matter; high in nutrients
Water Air
Sand
Large particle Assists in drainage but may not hold enough moisture for plants
Silt
Medium-sized particle Preferred mineral component in most situations
Clay
Smallest particle Holds water and keeps soil moist May be too slow to dry and may be too compact
texture
Coarseness or fineness of soil particles Affect many properties of the soil and its usefulness Medium-textured soil is most preferred
Soil
structure
Physical arrangement of soil particles Contributes to aeration or the movement of air into the soil
Soil profile
Vertical cross-section of the soil at a particular location Makes visible the different layers of soil referred to as horizons
A horizon- topsoil; humus, roots, organisms, 10 B horizon- subsoil; fine particles, leached materials, some roots, 30 C horizon- parent material; weathered bedrock and some leached materials, 48 R horizon- bedrock; underlying solid rock
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Nutrients B-
boron Cu- copper Cl- chlorine Fe- iron Mn- Manganese Mo- Molybdenum Zn- Zinc
Soil test
Used
to determine which nutrients are present in the soil and to what degree to determine the availability of
Important
nutrients
Shows
you what nutrients are deficient and the kinds and amounts of fertilizer needed to replenish the nutrients
Primary Nutrients
Nitrogen
Determines greenness color and density in plant Needed for chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis Improves plants ability to resist disease and tolerate effects of heat, cold, and drought Deficiency symptom: yellowing of leaves called chlorosis
Phosphorus
Helps plants hold and transfer energy for metabolism Affects cell division, root development, and flowering Deficiency symptom: purple coloring of leaves or stems
Potassium
Activates enzymes Regulates opening and closing of stomata Regulates water uptake by root cells
What is pH?
How is pH modified?
pH can be lowered or elevated depending on present conditions of the soil and the pH requirements of the plant crop To lower pH- add sulfur To increase pH- add limestone Most plants require a pH of 5.5 to 8.0
any material used to provide nutrients plants need cultural practice of adding plant nutrients to the soil or other growing media
Fertilization-
Fertilizers
Complete fertilizers- those containing all three primary nutrients (N, P, K) Incomplete fertilizers- lacks one or more primary nutrients Active ingredient- total percentage of nutrients being applied Inert ingredient- carrier of filler ingredient
Fertilizer Analysis
The
composition of active ingredients in a fertilizer formulation fertilizer with an analysis of 16-4-8 has an analysis of:
16% Nitrogen 4% Phosphate 8% Potash 72% Inert material
FERTILIZER COMPUTATION
A. To calculate the nutrient/fertilizer material needed Amount of nutrient needed = Weight of fertilizer material X % Nutrient 100 Or Weight of fertilizer material = Amount of nutrient needed X 100 % nutrient
Problem: A fertilizer recommendation calls for the application of 30 kg N per hectare. How much Ammonium sulfate (200-0) or Urea (45-0-0) would be needed?
Calculations: Weight of Ammonium Sulfate = 30 X 100 20 = 150 kg. of 20-0-0 per ha. = 30 X 100 45 = 66.7 kg. Urea per ha.
Leaching
Downward pulling of nutrients through the soil by percolating water
Available nitrogen
Affected by pH and amount and form of nitrogen present N is lost by leaching, removal of plat material, gaseous loss by volatilization of ammonia, and denitrification
Available phosphorus
Affected by pH and generally immobile in soil May be tied up in insoluble forms
Available potassium
Affected by pH and is readily soluble in water Leaching losses can be high in sandy soils
Apply fertilizer so that you dont waste it Apply fertilizer when the plants can best use the nutrients Apply small amounts of fertilizer frequently Be careful not to over fertilize
Forms of Fertilizer
Liquid
Apply with a sprayer
Granular
Apply with a spreader
Fertigation
Application of fertilizers through an irrigation system
Key Questions
What are the different types of growing media? What are the contents and structure of soil? What nutrients are needed for plant growth? What is pH and how is it modified? What is fertilization and fertilizer? What is the association between soils and nutrients? How do you use fertilizer?