Telecommunication evolution and SDH

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Telecommunication what is it?

Telecommunications : Electronic Communication at a distance

Information Take an Example of Telephone Transmission: Transmitter

Information

Electrical Signal Receiver Transmission Medium

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Voice Base band Transmission

 Voice signal - Band limited to 3.4 Khz  3.4 Khz signal intelligible component of human voice only  Voice signal Converted into its equivalent Electrical form and then transmitted  Base band transmission Transmission of information signal in its electrical form  Base band transmission - Severe distance limitations due to low power  Base band transmission Transmission line can carry only one signal, wasting available high capacity  Early transmission systems were all Base band systems
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

300 Hz to 10 Khz

300Hz to 3.4 KHz

One Voice channel 4 Khz Bandwidth

Broadband Transmission& Multiplexing

 Broad band communication Transmission of information signal after Modulation  Modulation - Carrying the information signal using a high frequency Carrier  Broad band - Signals travel larger distances due to their higher power  Broad band signals allow for Multiplexing, a technique used to carry many channels on a single transmission line

 Multiplexing Carrying multiple communication signals simultaneously on a transmission line  Multiplexing is possible due to Modulation  Modulation for Multiplexing Each information signal modulated onto multiple carriers of different frequencies  A Multiplexed system Enables complete utilisation of bandwidth available on a transmission line
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Analog Transmission

 Electrical signal carrying information

in the form of continuous wave transmitted over a transmission line (includes radio transmission)  Some characteristic of the carrier signal (Amplitude/ Phase/Frequency) carries the information signal  Easily affected by Noise  AM/FM radios, Television use analog transmission

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Digital Transmission

 Information signal Digitised before transmission

 Digitised signal consists of periodical binary pulses Digital signals have better noise immunity  Digital switching is efficient and Transmission needs only repeaters not amplifiers  Telephony, Digital TV, Data transmissions

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Digitisation Process

 4 Khz Voice signal is sampled at twice the frequency- 8000 Hz  Samples are Quantised- Benchmarked to nearest predefined levels  Quantised samples are encoded using 8 binary bits  Each Voice channel hence occupies 8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
. . . . 00000011 00000010 00000001

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Digital Transmission Types - Asynchronous Communication

Transition of signals do not occur at the same nominal rate

Generally free running quartz oscillators derive the clock, no timing pulses sent from transmitter to receiver

N/W 1

N/W 2

Internal Clock 1

Internal Clock 2

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Digital Transmission Types Plesiochronous Transmission

Transitions occur at almost same rate with variations within tight limits

N/W 1

N/W 2

Stable primary reference clock

Stable primary reference clock from N/W1

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Digital Transmission Types Synchronous Transmission

All Transitions occur at the same time

N/W 2 N/W 1 Slave to primary reference clock

Entire network clock has single primary reference clock

Stable primary reference clock

N/W 3

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)

European Standard Notation E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 2048 Kbps 8448 Kbps 34368 Kbps 139264 Kbps Used in South America, Europe, India etc

American Standard
Notation T0/DS0 T1/DS1 T2/DS2 T3/DS3 T4/DS4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 1544 Kbps 6312 Kbps 44736 Kbps 139264 Kbps
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Used in USA, Canada, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong etc

PDH - Limitations

The maximum standard defined is upto 140Mbps and cannot serve higher standards  PDH frame format does not support network management  PDH supports mostly point to point systems  PDH doesn't support interconnection of multivendor equipment  The different standards defined for North America and Europe are not interoperable

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Standards

The hierarchy is as follows: Electrical Signal STM-0 STM-1 STM- 4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256 Bit Rate 51.84 Mbps 155.52 Mbps 622.080 Mbps 2488.320 Mbps 9953.280 Mbps 39813.12 Mbps Abbreviated as 51 Mbps 155 Mbps 622 Mbps 2.4 Gbps 10 Gbps 40 Gbps

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 Q s

Frame = 125 Q s

Frame = 125 Q s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1 2 3 Regenerator Section Overhead H1 H2 H3

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the Virtual Container + Pointers 9 Rows

Pointers

4 5 6 7 8 9

H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

Multiplex Section Overhead

Overhead width = 9 columns

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Frame Structure Overhead Analysis

Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Regenerator Section

PTE
Path Termination

Reg

ADM

Reg

PTE
Path Termination

Section Multiplex Section Section Termination Termination Termination

Service Mapping Demapping

Service Mapping Demapping

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

STM Frame Format

STM-1 frame is divided into two broad units section overhead and synchronous payload envelope  Section overhead this information is further Classified as Regenerator section overhead and Multiplex section overhead.  Payload along with path overhead information forms the Virtual container  Pointer Indicates the start of the Virtual container  Path Overhead Provides information about the start of payload, Remote equipment status  Payload contains data in the form of tributary frames (E1, T1, E3 etc)
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

STM-1 155 Mbps

Section Overhead

Administrative unit

Regenerator Overhead

Multiplex overhead

Pointer

Virtual Container

Path overhead

Payload

SDH Frame Structure RSOH

Frame Alignment - A1,A2 Parity Check - B1

Regenerator Section

A1 B1 D1

A1

A1

A2 E1 D2

A2

A2

J0 F1 D3

 Regeneration Section Trace - J0 Orderwire channels for voice comm- E1  User Channel - F1  Data Communication Channel - D1-D3

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Frame Structure MSOH

 Parity Check- B2 Automatic Protection Switching- K1,K2 Data Communication Channel- D4-D12  Synchronous Status Message S1 Remote Error Indication- M1 Orderwire (voice comm)- E2
B2 D4 D7 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

Multiplex Section

D10 S1

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Frame Structure POH functions

Path trace J1 Parity Check B3 Path signal label C2 Path status G1 Path user channel F2,F3

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2

Path Overhead

Position indicator H4
H4

Automatic Protection switching - K3 Network operator N1

F3 K3 N1
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Multiplexing

STM-N

xN

AUG

x1 AU-4

VC-4 x3

C-4 139264kbps x1 x7

x3

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3 C-3 44736kbps 34368kbps

AU-3

VC-3 x7 TUG-2 x4 x3 TU-12 VC-12 x1 TU-2 VC-2

C-2 6312kbps C-12 2048kbps

TU-11

VC-11

C-11 1544kbps

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Equipment

Terminal Multiplexer
Path Termination equipment which acts as concentrator of tributary signals like E1

T1 E1 E3

STM-4

Regenerator
Regenerator is used to boost the signals between multiplexers placed across a long distance Regenerator Path Termination Equipment Path Termination Equipment

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Equipment

Add-Drop Multiplexer
Add Drop Multiplexer is used to access the signals to be dropped or inserted while allowing the other signals to flow through without processing STM-4 Left STM-4 Right

T1 E1 E3

Cross Connect System

Cross Connect system is similar to an ADM but handles multiple STM-N signals simultaneously switching tributaries across multiple STM-N signals

STM- 4 STM- 4

STM-4 STM- 4

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH- Network Topologies

Point to Point
Involves two terminal multiplexers connected together with an optical fiber with or without regenerators

PTE

Regenerator

PTE

Point to Multipoint
This configuration necessarily involves a Add Drop Multiplexer which connects to multiple sites adding or dropping signals at each site

PTE

Regenerator

ADM

Regenerator

PTE

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH- Network Topologies

Hub Configuration
Hub configuration involves a Digital Cross Connect System at the centre of a mesh network, grooming the traffic from various directions.

MUX

Regenerator MUX DCS Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator MUX

MUX

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH- Network Topologies

Ring Configuration
Ring configuration involves multiple ADMs connected along the optical fiber ring either in bi-directional or Uni-Directional connectivity Ring topology allows automatic switching protection for physical layer failures

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

SDH Advantages
 Availability of high speed standards required for Optical Network which can carry huge capacity.

 Efficient Multiplexing/Demultiplexing

 Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance capabilities

 Synchronous network is software controllable

 Clock variations due to transmission anomalies are taken care with the use of pointers SDH enables ready interconnection of multi vendor equipment

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information

Thank You

Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004, Confidential Information