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CLONING ANIMALS
A costly and lengthy approach
Dolly: 1 out of 276 attempts Mouse: 100 blastocysts transferred to wombs, seventyone were able to take, from which between five and sixteen fetuses developed, and eventually two or three live mice were born
CLONE IDENTITY
The most accurate human identity diagnosis will fail (e.g. DNA profile, fingerprints) Difficulties of enforcing laws:
Criminal identity Inherited properties between donor and clone Kinship of offsprings Relatives approval immigration, etc.
ANTIANTI-CLONING
Ethics
Relationship problems
Kinship problems within the family Social relationships Relationship problems within the family
Emotional Distress
Emotions involving dealing with moral dilemmas If emotions are part of how we decide that something is wrong, then we need to accept some kinds of emotional reaction as part of our ethical thinking
Problems of power
Invokes a degree of power and control over the physical identity of other persons
TakeTake-home Message
What is Biodiversity
Three types of Biodiversity habitat diversity, genetic diversity, and species diversity Of these Genetic Diversity is at risk through Cloning Why is Genetic Diversity So Important? Conveys the small differences between members of a species that promote the survival and continued improvement of the species as a whole Darwinian Evolution
Genetic Biodiversity
Why should humans worry about diversity? Many traits are being linked to genetics which were previously though to be unrelated including anger, intelligence and obesity. Diversity allows our species to flourish Exceptional individuals such as Einstein DeVinci have greatly molded the advancement of human society. Genetic Diversity is essential to disease resistance (survival of the species) AIDS, Plague (CCR5)
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
METHOD
SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER
PARTHENOGENESIS
NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING
REQUIRES REMOVAL OF EPIGENIC MODIFICATIONS IMPOSED ON DIFFERENTIATED CHROMATIN OOCYTE CAN REVERSE THESE ALTERATIONS TO A STATE OF TOTIPOTENCY HOW THIS IS DONE IS CURRENTLY UNKNOWN HOW EFFICIENT IS THIS??
MORE ON EFFICACY:
MANY FAILURES AND DEFECTS NO DEFINED ASPECTS OF FAULTY DEVELOPMENT RATHER, CLONING PROCESS CREATES RANDOM ERRORS IN INDIVIDUAL GENE EXPRESSION MAY PRODUCE A MANY NUMBER OF UNPREDICTIBLE PROBLEMS DOES NOT INVOLVE CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION DEFECTS CANNOT BE DETECTED BEFORE BIRTH
REJUVINATION
THE ENZYME RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTENDING THE TELOMERES IS TELOMERASE THIS ENZYME IS NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN SOMATIC CELLS, BUT SOME HAVE SHOWN ITS ACTIVITY IN CLONED EMBRYONIC CELLS THIS MAY SUGGEST THAT THE OOCYTE CAN TURN BACK THE CLOCK
HOWEVER!!
GENETIC DEFECTS:
DOLLY-SHORTENED TELOMERES HEART DEFECTS IN PIGS OBESITY IN CLONED MICE GIGANTISM IN CLONED SHEEP AND CATTLE PLACENTA OF 4X NORMAL SIZE IN MICE DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFICULTIES IN , LUNG PROBLEMS, AND MALFUNCTIONING IMMUNE SYSTEMS IN CLONED COWS, SHEEP AND PIGS
CLONED INDIVIDUALS WILL NOT HAVE ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DONOR:
ALTHOUGH THE TWO WILL BE GENETICALLY EQUIVALENT (GIVEN NO SEVERE ABNORMAITIES) PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER DEVELOP IN CONTEXT OF EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT
Why Clone ?
Organ Harvesting
The ability to create individuals with nearidentical genetics would allow for easier organ transplantation This is fraught with perils as killing someone is illegal and organ removal greatly weakens the donor Cloning is horribly inefficient as it is quite difficult to even create a clone let alone waiting for one to develop to an appropriate age for adult organ transplantation
Disease Treatment
Brain tumours Ovarian cancer Solid tumours Multiple myeloma Breast cancer Non-Hodgkins lymphoma Multiple sclerosis Systemic lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Anaemia Stroke Immuno-deficiency.
Therapeutic Cloning
At this time there are no practical roles for cloning in therapeutics Organ harvesting is unethical and suffers from both inefficiency and a long gestation period Stem cell transplantation while a viable therapy has been shown to be effective using adult stem cells removing the need to use cloning to produce embryonic stem cells