BALANCES SPEED CONTROLLER

Impulse turbines working principle

 An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets.  These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction.  A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.

 As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum).  Due to this higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity.  The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle.  The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.

Reaction turbines working principle

 In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles.  This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.  Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.  It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.

 The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades.  A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.

Impulse VS Reaction Turbine

Impulse turbine All available energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy by an efficient nozzle that forms a free jet. The jet is unconfined and at atmospheric pressure throughout the action of water on the runner and during its subsequent flow to the tail race. Blades are only on action when they are in front of the nozzle. Water may be allowed to enter a part or whole of the wheel circumference. The wheel does not run full and air has free access to the bucket. Reaction turbine Only the portion of the fluid energy is transformed into kinetic energy before the fluid enters the turbine runners. water enters the runner with an excess pressure, and then both the velocity and pressure change as the water passes through the runner. Blades are in action all the time. Water is admitted over the circumference of the wheel. Water completely fills the vane passages throughout the operation of the turbine.

high vacuum requirements in turbine operating

 High vacuum were important in turbine operand because steam expansion number is directly proportional with vacuum number in turbine.  Massive power can in achieve from expansion in depression and the result very beneficial than steam energy.

Turbine speed control through nozzle. When steam pass through nozzle, the velocity

depends on equilibrium condition or superheated.  In C3 figure, enthalpy (h) fight entropy (s) for steam balance expansion process through nozzle from inlet pressure , P1 to outward pressure P2.  At point a, steam in superheated condition, if expansion happen by adiabatic frictionless in equilibrium condition, so steam will become saturated dry at point b and become wet at point e.  Steam has no opportunity to experience phase change in during nozzle because expansion during nozzle was too high.

 In C4 figure, steam is reheated to superheated, 

 

entry pressure P1 in a. Due to development at b dropped too fast, steam cannot manage condensation on the other hand in a situation superheated vapour to point c Constant pressure line, enthalpy entropy chart is a curve line for superheated steam. straight line on the other hand for wet steam. Imbalance characteristic of superheated steam not remain long. at point c balance will happen fast. For addition , small increase of pressure at P4. that state demonstrated at cd line.

 From point d, steam experience expansion in balance to outward pressure, P2 at point e.  In this type of expansion, it alleges in supersaturated state.  At c state, it experience extreme cold.  Because of expansion happen by unbalanced so that state called mestabil  Due to this, it is clear that the flow rate / steam speed through nozzle in supersaturated expansion found slightly higher than expansion flow rate in a situation balance. this due to the exist of the higher density result of more refrigerant.

Turbine speed control through valve.

 Valve is equipment which received inner direction whether in form human (insani), mechanical, electric or pneumatic to release or stop or channel back air flow through it.

Valve fall into 5 major type :

Check valve Flow control valve Direction control valve

Combined valve

Pressure control valve

THERE IS 4 CHIEF METHOD HOW VALVE BEING MOVED.

Governor.
 A governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine.  for example, when engine burden increase, engine speed will be diminished and currently guard speed are going to act by adding fuel supply in engine so that engine speed increase to original magnitude.

Types of governer

Centrifugal governor working principle.

 The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.  It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms as shown in fig. These balls are known as governor balls or fly balls.

 The balls revolve with a spindle, which is driven by the engine through bevel gears.  The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall down as they revolve about the vertical axis.  The arms are connected by the links to a sleeve, which is keyed to the spindle.  This sleeve revolves with the spindle but can slide up & down.

 The balls and the sleeve rise when the spindle speed increases and falls when the speed decreases.  In order to limit the travel of the sleeve in upward and downward directions,two stops S, S are provided on the spindle.  The sleeve is connected by a bell crank lever to a throttle valve.  The supply of the working fluid decreases when the sleeve rises and increases when it falls.

 When the loads on the engine increases, the engine and the governor speed decreases.  This results in the decrease of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence the balls move inwards and the sleeve move downwards. The downward movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at the other end of the bell crank lever to increase the supply of working fluid.

Figure : Centrifugal governer