Introduction

Cellular Radio Communication System is two ways of the forms of communication.

PRINCIPLES OF RADIO SELULAR

transmitter and receiver where it divides its services to areas which had smaller called cells Each cell consists of a receiver and transmitter power low self-called 'Radio Base Station' (RBS) for enable it to provide services
Sel

MT SO

to the user in the coverage of several square kilometers.

Each cell is connected by telephone lines or microwave the Main Control Center, known as "Mobile Telephone Switching Office '(MTSO).

FEATURES SELULAR RADIO COMMUNICATIONSYSTEM

 When out

of one cell to another cell,

the automatic switching system to the next RBS.

Recipients in each cell will monitor the signal strength of the unit mobile. When signal strength falls to a level below from the prescribed level, or reference, it automatically be switched at a higher level through the nearest RBS.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM SELULAR

 Is used in consumer devices to make and receive calls.

I. Unit Mobile :

II. Radio Base Station (RBS):

Is station-guard cells outside the 'Site controller' functioning as instructions from the MTSO.

 Each channel using the radio found in every cell that includes voice channels and control channels

 Supervise the call which includes monitoring on speech quality and measurement on the strength of the voice signal.

 Send and receive voice signals and data from or to the user.

Acting as middleman between users and systems.

III. Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO):

A mobile switching center acting as the heart of digital system  Perform the switching of connection and disconnection between cellular networks the public telephone network. Receive and process data received from the RBS include the status of mobile units, diagnostic data, information for billing, data text and so on.

Implementing supervisory determine and update locations of mobile units when there is movement from one cell to cell.

Implementing the flow to determine appropriate cells and radio channels required when the call to be made.

PHONE UNIT SELULAR

Has five main parts: Transmitter. Recipient. Frequency synthesizer. Logical unit. Unique control.

transmitter Frequency Synthesizer Receiver Logic Unit Control Unit Cell phone

BASIC BLOCKS FOR CELLULAR

RADIO

TRANSMITTER.
 Low-

power FM transmitters, frequency range 825MHz to 845 MHz.  Has a transmission channel 666 at a distance of 30 kHz each other.  Power emissions: Mobile radio = 3 W Mobile phone = 500 mW

FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER.
To

generate the signals for the use of transmitter and receiver.

Using

a PLL circuit (Phase Locked Loop), where the oscillator frequency required hablor provide.

RECEIVER.
Is a trade-twin (dual-conversion) superhetrodin.  Frequency range = 870.03 MHz to 870.98 MHz.  There are 666 channel receiver at 30 kHz frequency range of each other.  For each channel, the frequency of transmission and receiving distinguished at a distance of 45 MHz. For example; at a frequency transmission channel is 825.03MHz while the frequency of acceptance for Channel 1 is 870.03 MHz, the indigois the difference between these two is 45 MHz.


LOGICAL UNIT.
 Contains

the main control circuit for cellular units  This section uses the RAM and ROM microprocessor.  Contains an additional circuit which is used to interpret signals from the MTSO or cells, and generate control signals for the transmitter and receiver.

CONTROL UNIT.
 Contains

a speaker, microphone and touch-tone dialing circuit (touchtone).  Microprocessor to control the LCD display and indicators on the mobile unit.  Microprocessor memory capable of storing the frequently called number s and the automatic dialing system.

3.3

RADIO CHANNELS

Radio channels
Is a two way radio emission path between the RBS (Radio Base Station) and mobile units. ~ each channel uses different frequencies for transmission from the RBS ~another transmission from mobile unit to RBS Use different frequencies to avoid interference or overlapping signal transmitter and receiver The same frequencies can be used by other cells that are far away from each other

3.3.1 Control channels

Each cell has a control channel is used only for transmission of data (not voice) Control channel continuously control the flow of data when the mobile unit in is 'ON' When the user moves from one cell to another cell, the terminals will be adjusted to a new control channel. This change occurs automatically by all control systems that operate in the system. Control channel with the best reception quality will be selected and set of mobile terminals will then be adjusted to this channel until the quality of reception decreases.

3.3.2 Voice channels

Vessels that carry signals used during the conversation and the conversationtook place Each cell usually has between seven to 23 voice channels

Voice channels

Besides bringing the conversation signals, the channel also serves as a gateway to:
a) b) c) d)

Tone generator SAT (Supervisory Audio Tone)\ Data order Signaling tone detection Ringging delivery order

Antenna
In a Radio Base Station (RBS), there are two types of antenna used: Omnidirectional Directional
Antenna is used as a medium of communication between the receiver and transmitter signal.

Omnidirectional Antenna
It transmitting equally in all directions Usually used in rural areas. Using only one element. It covered a circular shape area, with the base station placed in the middle.

Coverage area RBS

Omnidirectional antenna coverage area

Directional Antenna

Transmitting signal at certain direction. Three antennas needed in 120 arrangement and close to each other. Used in turban areas which support a lot of suscriber.

antenna

cell

Directional Antenna

Roaming
All cellular system provide a service called roaming. This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed. When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area. This is accomplished over the FCC ( Federal Communications Commission ), since each roamer is camped on to an FCC at all times. Once registered, roaming mobiles are allowed to receive and place calls from that area, and billing is routed automatically to the subscribers home service provider.

Figure 6.1: Block diagram of a cellular radio network includes roaming concept

Paging is the process when you receiving calls, your cellular phone will be giving signal which means there is incoming call. Were control channel message which contains Identity Number Telephone Cellular (Mobile Identification Number) and indirectly, it tell that the existence of incoming call.

SEE UR

Basic cellular telephones concept

Cells A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending on the landscape. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon. Clusters A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Figure 6.1 illustrates a seven-cell cluster. Frequency Reuse Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time. The solution the industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept.

4.2 CELL SPLITTING

As a service area becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area into smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions.

Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of cell splitting.

4.4 : HAND-OFF
y

During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a strongerfrequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user but sometimes user will hear beep when handoff happen.

y SNR ratio are determining operation effectiveness /

cellular system's ability to improve again signal that is weak and also detect signal strength compared to noisy that does not require. y SNR ratio is determine in (dB) which is; SNR (dB) = 10 log Signal Power (S) Noisy Power (N)

Example:If the cellular system used a signal power of 18 W and the power of the interference / noise is 0.5W. Calculate the SNR system :
y Answer:-

SNR (dB)

= 10 log

18W 0.5W

= 15.56 dB

4.6 : CALL PROCESS

Within a cellular system, call can take place between a wire line party and a mobile telephone or between two mobiles telephones.

In cellular radio system, call can be done between public phones users with cellular telephone users or between two cellular phone. Following show the flow chart:-

METHOD 1 METHOD 2 METHOD 3

Figure 6.5 Cellular network between PSTN, MTSO and RBS

Cell site

Mobile unit or pocket cellular telephone Cell site

4.8 Spectrum Frequency

60 20k 500k 50M 1G 300G Hz

Audio /Soun d

Radio

TV

Radar & Data Communicat ion

Infrar ed

Visible Ultra Light violet

X-ray

Rx (MHz)

Tx (MHz)

Operator A & B can use only 25MHz from radio spectrum 25MHz is divided into two part. 12.5MHz for transmitter operator frequency A and another 12.5MHz for receiver operator frequency B. Each of the Cellular System is spaced 30kHz per-channel. Operator have 416 radio channel (12.5 MHz/30 kHz = 416 channel) 416 channel are divided to 395 voice channel and 21 control channel.

4.9 Cellular System Operators in Malaysia

Syarikat Sistem Frekuensi(MHz) Standard Kod Celcom ART 900 900 ETACS 010

Time Telekom

ATUR 450

450

NMT

011

Maxis Mobile

Maxis

900

GSM

012

STM

TM Touch

1800

PCN

013

Digi 1800

Digi 1800

1800

PCN

016

Time Cel

Time Cel

1800

PCN

017

Mobikom

Mobifon 800

800

AMPS

018

Celcom

Celcom GSM

930

GSM

019

AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System The radio transceivers used with AMPS cellular telephones use narrowband frequency modulation (NBFM) Audio-frequency band 300Hz to 3 kHz and a maximum frequency deviation of 12 kHz for 100% modulation. 666 channels (42 control, 624 voice).

ETACS European Total Access Communication System ETACS is virtually identical to AMPS except ETACS is limited to a 25kHz bandwidth. ETACS also uses a different method of formatting subscriber telephone numbers (called the mobile identification number or MIN) because of the need to accommodate different country codes throughout Europe and area codes in the United States.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) was developed to solve the fragmentation problems. designed to use the services of ISDN to provide a wide range of network services. It uses the 1.71 to 1.785 GHz band for uplink signals (signals from the cell user to the cell site) and 1.805 to 1.88 GHz band for downlink signals (from cell site to user).

PCN (Personal Communications Network) is the European digital cellular mobile telephone network, developed in accordance with GSM standards. Operating frequency - 1.7 to 1.88 GHz Uses 30 GHz or up for microwave back bone system. Covers both small cells and large cells. Coverage inside and outside buildings.

4.10 WAP Technology

- WAP or Wireless Application Protocol, is a mobile wireless device, which provides access information directly from the source.
i. ii. iii. iv.

Devices support WAP: Pager two-way radio smart phone communicator Types of information: Pictures Text

i. ii.