Java Basics

(continued)

Mr. Smith
AP Computer Science
A
 Basic Java
Syntax and Semantics
Methods, Messages, and Signatures
 Classes implement methods, and objects
are instances of classes.
 Objects that share common behavior are
grouped into classes.
 An object responds to a message only if its
class implements a corresponding method.
 To correspond the method must have the
same name as the message.
 Messages are sometimes accompanied by
parameters and sometimes not:
pen.move(); // No parameter expected
pen.moveDown(8); // One parameter expected
Java Concepts 2.3 (Objects, Classes, and Methods), 2.4 (Method Parameters and return values)
 Basic Java
Syntax and Semantics
 Some methods return a value and
others do not.
 To use a method successfully we
must know:
 What type of value it returns
 It’s name (identifier)
 The number and type of the parameters
it expects
 This information is called the
method’s signature.
Java Concepts 2.3 (Objects, Classes, and Methods), 2.4 (Method Parameters and return values)
 Basic Java
Syntax and Semantics
Programming Protocols: Use
camelCase
 When forming a compound variable
name, programmers usually capitalize
the first letter of each word except the
first.
(For example: taxableIncome)
 All the words in a program’s name
typically begin with a capital letter
(ComputeEmployeePayroll).
 Constant names usually are all
uppercase (TAX_RATE). Java Concepts 2.1 (Types and Variables)
 Comments
 Comments are explanatory
sentences inserted in a program in
such a matter that the compiler
ignores them.
 There are two styles for indicating
comments:
 End of line comments:
These include all of the text following
a double slash (//) on any given line; in
other words, this style is best for just
one line of comments
 Multiline comments:
These include all of the text between
Java Concepts 1.6 (Compiling a Simple Program)

an opening /* and a closing */

 Additional Operators
Extended Assignment Operators
 The assignment operator can be combined
with the arithmetic and concatenation
operators to provide extended assignment
operators. For example:
int a = 17;
String s = "hi";
a += 3; // Equivalent to a = a + 3;
a -= 3; // Equivalent to a = a – 3;
a *= 3; // Equivalent to a = a * 3;
a /= 3; // Equivalent to a = a / 3;
a %= 3; // Equivalent to a = a % 3;
s += " there"; // Equivalent to s = s + “
there”; Java Concepts 4.3 (Assignment, Increment, and Decrement)
 Additional Operators
Increment and Decrement
 Java includes increment (++) and
decrement (--) operators that
increase or decrease a variables
value by one:
int m = 7;
double x = 6.4;
m++; // Equivalent to m = m + 1;
x--; // Equivalent to x = x – 1.0;
 The precedence of the increment
and decrement operators is the
same as unary plus, unary minus,
Java Concepts 4.3 (Assignment, Increment, and Decrement)
 Standard
Classes and Methods
Eight methods in the Math Class

static double random() Returns a double in the range [0.0, 1.0)

Java Concepts 4.4 (Arithmetic Operations and Mathematical Functions)
 Standard
Classes and Methods
Using the Math class
double absNum, powerNum, randomNum;

absNum = Math.abs(-30);
powerNum = Math.pow(-3, 3);
randomNum = Math.random();

Results:
absNum = 30 //Absolute value of -30
powerNum = -27 //-3 to the 2nd power
randomNum = ????? //Random number between 0
and 1
Java Concepts 4.4 (Arithmetic Operations and Mathematical Functions)
 Standard
Classes and Methods
Random Numbers and Simulation
 The Random class of the Java library implements
a random number generator.
 To generate random numbers, you construct an
object of the Random class and then apply one of
the following methods:
 nextInt(n) – returns a random integer between 0
(inclusive) and n (exclusive)
 nextDouble() – returns a random floating point
number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive)
 For example, if a contestant on “Deal or No Deal”
is randomly selecting their briefcase from the 26
initial briefcases:
import java.util.Random; //Include this at top of
program
Random generator = new Random();
int briefcaseNum = 1 + generator.nextInt(26);
Java Concepts 6.5 (Random Numbers and Simulation)
 Classwork/Homework
DiceRoller program (similar to Yahtzee):
Write a program to:
 Allow the person to initially roll five dice.
Each die has six faces representing numbers from
1 to 6.
 Print the results of each die to the console.
 After the first roll, the person should input the
number of dice (between 0 and 5) that they want
to roll again.
 If they enter 0, then stop.
 Else, roll that many dice and print the results of
each die to the console again.
 Repeat the prompt one more time to see if the
person wants to roll some of the dice again (for a
maximum of 3 rolls).
Note: You may want to use the Scanner class to input
data, the Random class to generate a random number,
a for loop for rolling the dice, an if statement for
checking the input and a break command to exit the
Java Concepts 6.5 (Random Numbers and Simulation)
 Control Statements
While and if-else are called control
statements.
while (some condition) if (some condition)
{ {
do stuff; do stuff 1;
} }
else
{
do stuff 2;
}

Do stuff repeatedly as long If some condition is true, do

as the condition holds true stuff 1, and if it is false, do
stuff 2.

Java Concepts 5.1 (The if Statement), 6.1 (while Loops)

 The if and
if-else Statements
Principal Forms
 In Java, the if and if-else statements allow for
the conditional execution of statements.
if (condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
}

if (condition)
{ statement1;
statement2;
}
else
{ statement3;
statement4;
} Java Concepts 5.1 (The if Statement)
 The if and
if-else Statements
Relational Operators
The complete list of relational operators available for use
in Java.

Java Concepts 5.2 (Comparing values)

 The if and
if-else Statements
Relational Operators
Which of the following if statements are incorrect?

int x;

 if ( x > 10 )
 if ( x = 10 ) Incorrect
 if ( x >< 10 ) Incorrect
 if ( x == 10 )
 if ( x >= 10 )
 if ( x != 10 )

Java Concepts 5.2 (Comparing values)

The while Statement
 The while statement provides a looping mechanism
that executes statements repeatedly for as long as
some condition remains true.

while (condition) // loop test

statement; //one statement inside
the loop body

while (condition) // loop test

{
statement; // many statements
statement; // inside the
... // loop body
}

Java Concepts 6.1 (while Loops)

 The while Statement
Common Structure
 Loops typically adhere to the following
structure:
initialize variables
//initialize
while (condition) //test
{
perform calculations or do something and //loop
body
change variables involved in the condition //loop
body
}
 In order for the loop to terminate, each
iteration through the loop must move Java Concepts 6.1 (while Loops)
The while Statement
Write a while loop that will sum
the numbers from 1 to 100
(i.e. 1+2+3+… +100).
Print the answer to the console.

Java Concepts 6.1 (while Loops)

The while Statement
int sum = 0;
int count = 1;
while (count <= 100)
{
sum += count;
count++;
}
System.out.println (sum);
Java Concepts 6.1 (while Loops)
 The for Statement
 The for statement combines counter
initialization, condition test, and update into a
single expression.
 The form for the statement:
for (initialize counter; test counter; update counter)
statement; // one statement inside the loop
body

for (initialize counter; test counter; update counter)

{ statement; // many statements
statement; // inside the
. . .; // loop body
} Java Concepts 6.2 (for Loops)
 The for Statement
Declaring the Loop Control Variable in a for
Loop.
 The for loop allows the programmer to declare
the loop control variable inside of the loop
header.
 The following are equivalent loops that show
these two alternatives: Use this technique if
you need to
int i; //Declare control variable above
reference the value
loop of i later
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
System.out.println(i); Use this technique if
you only use variable
i within the loop
for (int i = 1; i<= 10; i++) //Declare variable in6.2loop
Java Concepts (for Loops)
Nested Control Statements
and the break Statement
 Control statements can be nested inside
each other in any combination that
proves useful.
 The break statement can be used for
breaking out of a loop early, that is
before the loop condition is false.
 If you are nesting loops, the break
statement only breaks out of the loop the
program is currently in (the inside loop).
 break statements can be used similarly
with both for loops and while loops
(break terminates the loop immediately).
Java Concepts 6.4 Advanced Topic (break and continue Statements)
Sentinel
 A data value that is used to denote the
end of a data list or data input.
 The value cannot be a valid data value
 Usually 99999 or an unreachable high
value or it could be a character such as
“Q” for Quit.
 Example: Enter your age or type “Q” to
quit. Note: if you do it this way then
the value you enter needs to be a
string.
Java Concepts 6.4 (Processing Sentinel Values)
Sentinel
Write a segment of code that
will have the user input data
values and then do something
until the user indicates there
are no more data values.

Java Concepts 6.4 (Processing Sentinel Values)

Sentinel
Write a segment of code that will read in data values and do
something until there are no more.

OPTION 1:
int num;
boolean done = false;
while ( ! done)
{
System.out.print(“enter a value, 99 to end “);
num = in.nextInt();
if (num == 99)
{
done = true;
}
else
{
// rest of code to do something goes here
}
}

Java Concepts 6.4 (Processing Sentinel Values)

Sentinel
Write a segment of code that will read in data values and do
something until there are no more.

OPTION 2:
int num;
while (true)
{
System.out.print(“enter a value, 99 to end “);
num = in.nextInt();
if (num == 99)
{
break;
}
// rest of code to do something goes here
}

Java Concepts 6.4 (Processing Sentinel Values)

 Classwork/Homework
CircleCalc program:
Write a program to:
 Have the user input the diameter of a circle and the program
outputs the:
 Radius (which is the diameter divided by 2)
 Circumference (which is PI times the diameter)
 Area (which is PI times the radius squared)
 Note: you can use Math.PI to get the value of PI
 Use a for loop to prompt the user 4 times (4 circle diameters)
and print the radius, circumference, and area each time.
 Then use a sentinel controlled loop (sentinel value should be
99999) to do the same thing.
 Test input for validity.

What is the advantage of using a sentinel controlled loop?

It allows the user to stop the looping whenever they want