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Input Information m
Output Information m
Input Device
Transmitter
Transmission medium
Receiver
Output Device
Source System
Destination System
Receiver
Sender
DATA TRANSMISSION MODE (DATA FLOW) Simplex Mode: Simplex mode permits data to flow only in one direction. A terminal connected to such a line is either to send only or receive only device. This mode is generally not used.
One Way Only
Receiver
Half Duplex Mode In this mode data can be transmitted back and forth between 2 stations, but data can only go in one of the two directions at any given point of time. E.G: Walkie -Talkie
Both Ways, but one way at a time
Sender/Receiver Receiver/Sender
Full Duplex Mode In this mode data can be Simultaneously send & receive between 2 stations. It is commonly used method.E.G.: Telephone Lines
Both Ways at the same time
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) LAN stands for Local Area Network. It links computers & associated devices within restricted geographical areas. It uses cables and Ethernet cards to connect several machines.
The Advantages of a LAN System are: File and data transfer between several computers. Hardware and software resource sharing. Cost saving as a single resource can be shared with several computers. It also helps communication without moving to other desks. Security for programs and data can be achieved. Whole network is completely under the control of one organization.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a network that is larger than a LAN. It normally covers the area of a city. Computers within 1 km. area or computers in office, building are internally connected by LAN and then these are connected to the MAN.
a few km to thousands of km can include cities, states, countries or even continents Interconnects smaller LANs and MANs point-to-point networks (also called long-haul networks) lower data transmission rate than LANs Can use Satellites & Telephone networks
The Advantages of a WAN System are File and data transfer between several computers. Hardware and software resource sharing. Cost saving as a single resource can be shared with several computers. It also helps communication without moving to other desks. Security for programs and data can be achieved but is costly
WAN - A network consisting of computers of LAN's connected across a distance WAN can cover small to large distances, using different topologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cabling, satellite transmissions and microwave transmissions.
Refers to how the computer or devices are designed in a network Basic types: Centralized using mainframes
Peer-2-Peer: Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities, capacities, sharing hardware, data, with the other computers on the peer-to-peer network Good for small businesses and home networks Simple and inexpensive
Network Architecture
Client/Server: All clients must request service from the server & are controlled by server The server is also called a host Different servers perform different tasks: File server, network server, etc.
client
client
client
laser printer
server
Network Structure
Peer to Peer Network Client/Server
Advantages of peer to peer Advantages of client/server network network y This network is suitable for long y Peer to peer network is simple network where more than 10
to operate. y There is no differentiation between client and server. y Useful for small networks.
machines are used. y This network model is more efficient than peer to peer network. y Server is more faster having more disk space. Disadvantages of peer to peer Disadvantages of client/server network network y Not useful for large networks y Client/server network is difficult to (more than 10 computers). install. y Proper security is not available. y Cost of server is more as compared y Administration of Network is to clients. So network is costly as difficult compared to peer to peer network.
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7-18
Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or computer communications.
7-19
The bus network A continuous coaxial cable to which all the devices are attached. All nodes can detect all messages sent along the bus.
Linking nodes:
Mesh Topology: It refers to random arrangement of computers using telecommunication link. In this arrangement each computer & terminal is connected to each other by a dedicated point to point link & thus eliminates routing function.
personal computer
Network Topologies
personal computer personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
Networks Hardware.
Hub
A device that repeats or broadcasts the network stream of information to individual nodes ( usually personal computers) A device that receives packets from its input link, and then sorts them and transmits them over the proper link that connects to the node addressed. A link between two networks that have identical rules of communication. rules of communication.
Switch
Bridge
Gateway A link between two different networks that have different Router
A node that sends network packets in one of many possible directions to get them to their destination.
Hub
Joins Multiple Computers together to form a network. All Comp communicate directly with each other Receives incoming Packets ,amplifies the signal and it repeats or broadcasts these packets out to all devices on the network.
Switch
It is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from nodes, servers and other devices. Used in star topology It receives packets from its input link, and then sorts them and transmits them over the proper link that connects to the node addressed.
Bridge
A link between two networks that have identical rules of communication but topologies can be different.. It monitors information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location.
Router
It Translates information from one network to another . A node that sends network packets in one of many possible directions to get them to their destination, they select best path to send a message based on the destination address and origin. In order to connect a LAN to the Internet, we need Router
Network Examples
Public Telephone Network
T-Carrier
ATM
Dedicated Lines
Dail-up
DSL
ISDN
Protocol agreement required between the communication entities and consists of three components:
Syntax: data format and signal levels Semantics: control information for coordination and error handling Timing: speed matching and sequencing