Nervous09

NERVOUS TISSUE
Integration and Control Systems of Body

1. 2.

nervous system endocrine system

two (2) systems work in parallel, but independent of each other but overlaps exist
e.g., hypothalamus - nervous tissue that also elaborates hormones.


1. 2.
nervous system comprised endocrine of all nervous system tissue in body endocrine system

2.
all cells and glands (endocrine glands) that elaborate hormones

chemical substance (steroid, peptide or amine) carried by blood to target organ/s or tissue/s whose cells (target cells) have appropriate receptors for the hormone.

1.
nervous system
response to stimulus is rapid and precise effects are brief

2.
endocrine system
response to stimulus slower and more diffuse effects are more longer lasting


1.
nervous system : anatomic divisions

I.
Central Nervous System (CNS)

1.
brain

in cranial cavity vertebral cavity
2.
spinal cord

2.
endocrine system Peripheral Nervous System

II.
(PNS)
1. 2. 3.
cranial nerves (12 pairs) spinal nerves (31 pairs) associated ganglia.
2.
endocrine system
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/systemspartnervoussys.jpg

1.

nervous system
consists of all nervous tissue in body.
2.
endocrine system
BASIC TISSUES
1. 2. 3. 4.
epithelial tissue (epithelium) nervous connective tissue tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
nervous tissue BASIC TISSUES

1. 2. 3. 4.
epithelial tissue (epithelium) connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
nervous tissue

special type of epithelium to some because it:

arises from embryonic ectoderm is very cellular.
neuron tissue:composition nervous(nerve cell)

cells
1. 2.
neurons (nerve cells) neuroglial cells (supporting cells; glial cells)
extracellular material.
neuron (nerve cell)

functional unit of nervous tissue number:

14 billion - 1 trillion 5-150 Qm most are large but a few are small, e.g., granule cells of cerebellum (5 Qm) variable (stellate, pyramidal, flask-shaped,
fusiform, ovoid, etc.)
size:

shape:

neuron (nerve cell)

1.
properties:
irritability

ability to respond to stimuli ability to transmit stimuli
2.
conductivity

neuron (nerve cell)

terminally differentiated cell

can t transform to another cell type incapable of cell division can t be replaced if it dies, but processes (axons and dendrites) can regenerate if cell body is intact.
neuron: parts

body (perikaryon; soma)

cytoplasm (neuroplasm) that is enclosed by cell membrane (plasmalemma; neurolemma) axon

processes
1.
transmits impulse away from cell body transmits impulse toward cell body
http://www.neuro24.de/neuro n.jpg
2.
dendrite

neuron: parts


nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils
neuron: parts


nucleus

large spherical or ovoid centrally located finely-dispersed chromatin occasionally more than 1 usually w/ prominent, deeply-staining nucleolus.
Spinal ganglion, x400
neuron: parts


organelles nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils
neuron: parts


organelles

Nissl bodies (chromophilic substances) deeply basophilic structures most distinctive feature of neurons under light microscope present even in dendrites rough ER for protein synthesis.
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ghisto/nerv/c_3.html
neuron: parts


organelles

smooth ER may serve as conduit for distributing protein throughout cells Golgi apparatus present in all nerve cells confined only to perikaryon may be involved in production of neurotransmitters & lysosomes.
neuron: parts


organelles

mitochondria numerous especially in axon endings smaller than in other cell types centrosome no centrioles occupied by and source of microtubules.
neuron: parts


organelles
peroxisome small (about 0.25-0.5 m in diameter) membranebound organelle contains numerous enzymes.
neuron: parts


neuron: parts


inclusions

fat droplets probably energy reserves lipofuscin granules

as in other cells, end result of lysosomal activity melanin

pigment granules

substantia nigra of midbrain locus coeruleus near fourth ventricle spinal and sympathetic ganglia
iron granules in globus pallidus.
neuron: parts


neuron: parts


neurofibrils : types 1. microtubules (neurotubules) extend to all processes

2. 3.
neurofilaments microfilaments
neuron: parts


neurofibrils : types
1. 2. 3.
microtubules (neurotubules) neurofilaments largest in diameter (20-28 nm diameter) microfilaments similar to those in other cells play a role in intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles.
neuron: parts


1. 2.
microtubules (neurotubules) neurofilaments

intermediate filament in neurons 10 nm in diameter abundant in axon consist of filaments that twist around each other provide internal support for cell microfilaments
3.
neuron: parts


1. 2.
microtubules (neurotubules) neurofilaments

thinnest (3-5 nm) structurally, same as those in other cells (F-actin).
3.
microfilaments
neuron: parts

body (perikaryon; soma) processes processes usually contains >

90% of cytoplasm
neuron: parts

processes : types
1.
axon

transmits impulse away from cell body only one transmits impulse toward cell body one or more; maybe absent
http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/dreaming/images/neur on.jpg
2.
dendrite

neurons: types
1.
according to number of processes unipolar

rare except in early embryonic development morphologically axon sensory neurons in craniospinal ganglia. one axon & one dendrite in vestibular & cochlear ganglia; and olfactory epithelium most common.
2.
pseudounipolar

3.
bipolar

4.
multipolar

neuron

processes 1. axon 2. dendrite
processes : types
transmits impulse toward cell body.
neuron

processes : types
1. 2.
axon dendrite
transmits impulse with Nissl granules, toward cell body. mitochondria and neurofibrils, but no Golgi complexes provide most of receptive surface of neuron shorter than axon several generation of branches. http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/dreaming/images/neur

on.jpg
neuron

processes : types
1. 2.
axon dendrite
transmits impulse toward cell body.
http://www.neuro24.de/neuron.jpg
2.
dendrite
neuron

processes : types
1.
axon

arises from cell body at axon hillock only one, but with collateral branches usually more slender than dendrite, but longer (up to 100 cm.) devoid of Nissl granules, but with smooth ER, mitochondria and neurofibrils
2.
dendrite
neuron

processes
1.
axon

axoplasm = cytoplasm axolemma = cell membrane axon terminal = termination; one or more

bouton terminaux bouton en passant.
axonal transport = transports of materials to & from soma.
neuron

processes
1.

axon : coverings
neurilemmal sheath present in all axons made up of supporting cell myelin in larger axons material that is highly refractile in fresh specimen but black in osmium tetroxide internal to neurilemmal sheath concentric layers of plasma membranes of supporting cell basal lamina myelin envelops axons & coverings externally in PNS, not in CNS
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/nerve/ condnon.jpg
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/I MAGES/NRVL25.JPG
neuron

processes
1.

axon : coverings
a.
neurilemmal sheath myelin in peripheral nervous system (PNS)

also called sheath of Schwann formed by Schwann cells flattened cells with flattened nuclei enveloped by basal lamina form thin sleeve around axon several needed to envelop an axon
b.

in central nervous system (CNS)

no Schwann cells formed by oligodendrocyte a neuroglial cell capable of enveloping several axons no basal lamina
myelin
http://www.miracosta.cc.ca.us/home/sfoster/ne urons/myelin.gif
neuron

processes
1.

axon : coverings

neurilemmal sheath myelin in peripheral nervous system

http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004 a/nerve/myelform.jpg
also formed by Schwann cell node of Ranvier

point of discontinuity between successive Schwann cells axon is partially uncovered here axon gives off collateral branches here points of separation in myelin layers in fixed specimens.
incisures or clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman

in central nervous system

amount of cytoplasm associated with myelin is much less than in PNS nodes of Ranvier and incisures of Lantermann also present.
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/myelin.jpg
http://synapses.mcg.edu/atlas/5_15_new.gif
neuron nerve fiber

processes
1.

axon : coverings
neurilemmal sheath myelin - not always present basal lamina - in PNS only
nerve fiber
nerve fiber: types

1.
myelinated

with sheath of myelin faster conduction without myelin sheath.
2.
unmyelinated

synapse

point of contact between a neuron and another cell

presynaptic cell - neuron postsynaptic cell - neuron, muscle cell or gland inhibitory impulse excitatory impulse other neurons effector cells

site of transmission of nerve impulse

allows neurons to communicate with:

muscle glands
a neuron usually forms numerous synapses total number of synapses in body = 1014 (100 quadrillion).
chemical synapse synapses : types

1.
electrical

rare in brainstem, retina and cerebral cortex gap junctions

bind cell membranes plasma membranes closely apposed apposed membranes with tiny tubes (connexons) allow free movement of ions from one cell to another
2.
chemical

most synapses.
http://www.consciousness.arizon a.edu/quantum/images/gap.jpg
chemical synapse : components

1.
presynaptic membrane

thickened cell membrane of presynaptic neuron small 200-300oA gap contains polysaccharides and intersynaptic filaments thickened cell membrane of postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle or gland).
2.
synaptic cleft

3.
postsynaptic membrane

http://www.driesen.com/synapse.jpg
chemical synapse : components

1.
presynaptic membrane

thickened cell membrane of presynaptic neuron
2.
synaptic cleft usually expanded portion of

small axon (bouton) of 200-300oA gap presynaptic neuron is contains polysaccharides involved in synapse and intersynaptic bouton contains bouton filaments terminal if
synaptic vesicles expanded portion is an axon termination 3. postsynaptic membrane contain chemical neurotransmitters bouton en passant of (e.g., if thickened cell membrane about acetylcholine; expanded portion occurs postsynaptic 30-50 are known) cell along axon (neuron, mitochondria, muscle or gland). neurofibrils, lysosomes.
chemical synapse

mechanism of transmission of impulse

1.
2.
presynaptic membrane releases one or more neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft neurotransmitter then diffuses to receptors at postsynaptic membrane.
chemical synapses

types occuring between neurons

axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonic rare: dendrodendritic, somatodendritic, somatosomatic, somatoaxonic, dendroaxonic, and axoaxodendritic .
http://www.sante.cc/electro/trait e/anat/synapses%2001.jpg
nervous tissue:composition neuroglial cells

cells
1. 2.
neurons (nerve cells) neuroglial cells (supporting cells)
extracellular material.
neuroglial cells

a.k.a., glial cells; neuroglia number: 5-10x more than neurons not distinguishable in H & E because processes not well appreciated unlike neurons, can divide by mitosis.
neuroglial cells : types

1.
http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/ slides/Nerve/4Protoplasmic%20astrocytes.jpg
in CNS
macroglia
a. b.
1. protoplasmic star-shaped microglia in metabolic processes many, short-branching involved processes form scar tissuematter gray ependymalincells in damaged areas
astrocytes types: oligodendrocytes largest of glial cells

2. 3.

1. 2.
in PNS
2.
fibrous

Schwann cells satellite cells.

long and unbranched processes mostly in white matter.
http://www.tulane.edu/~histola b/neuro/slide2.jpg

1.
in CNS
macroglia
a. b.

astrocytes oligodendrocytes
resemble astrocytes, but smaller and fewer processes scanty cytoplasm small, deeply staining nucleus forms neurilemmal sheath of axons in CNS forms myelin in both gray and white matter.

http://www.usuhs.mil/nes/oligo web1.gif

1.
in CNS than macroglia smaller

small and macroglia elongated nuclei
2. 3.
scanty cytoplasm with astrocytes many lysosomes b. oligodendrocytes scattered all over CNS microglia phagocytic
a.
ependymal cells probably arise from

1. 2.
in
hemopoietic stem cells PNS considered as macrophages by some authors Schwann cells
satellite cells.
http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/ ~psyc220/oligo.gif

forms simple cuboidal macroglia epithelium astrocytes lines ventricles of brain and central canal of oligodendrocytes spinal cord microglia in choroid plexus, ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid. in PNS

in CNS

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/resear ch/histo_course/ependyma.jpg

in CNS
macroglia
astrocytes flattened cells located oligodendrocytes in PNS microglia form:

neurilemmal sheath ependymal cells

in PNS

myelin.
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/ne rve/myelform.jpg

in CNS
macroglia

astrocytes oligodendrocytes

in
a.k.a., mantle cells; microglia amphicytes small flattened cells ependymal cells surround cell bodies of PNS in ganglia neurons counterparts of astrocytes Schwann cells in PNS satellitesupport and provide cells involved in metabolic processes of neurons
Spinal ganglion, x400
Meninges

connective tissue membranes that cover brain and spinal cord
http://yourmedicalsource.com/yms_imag es/meninges_400.jpg
http://www.manbit.com/obstetspain/i mages/laepi.gif
Meninges

components:
subdural space dense, irregular connective A. potential space between dura pachymeninx tissue and arachnoid membrane mater 1. dura mater outer surface serous fluid contains minimal

forms periosteum epidural space B. leptomeninges in called periosteal dura spinal cord, dura does not

2. arachnoid membrane cling to vertebrae innerbetween dura and bony surface space 3. pia mater. of vertebral canal wall called meningeal dura (vertebraeby simple lined have distinct periosteum) squamous epithelium. contains fat and venous plexus.
http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/archive/1998/ winter_98/cb_380/anatomy/Meninges.JPG
Meninges

components:
flat, sheet-like A. pachymeninx membrane 1. dura mater connective tissue trabeculae connects B. leptomeninges it with pia matter 2. arachnoid membrane subarachnoid space

3. pia mater. space between arachnoid and pia.
http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/archive/1998/ winter_98/cb_380/anatomy/Meninges.JPG
Meninges

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/Exam ples/exchorpl.htm
components:
choroid plexuses thin layer of

A. folds of pia matter pachymeninx connective tissue with numerous capillaries 1. dura mater very vascular lateral http://www.colorado.edu/epob/epob3730rlynch/ima line 3rd, 4th and ge/figure5-15.jpg ventricles brain adheres toof brain B. leptomeninges lined tissue by ependyma (simple cuboidal 2. arachnoid membrane separated from epithelium) 3. pia produce mater nervous tissue by cerebrospinal fluid neuroglial cells (CSF).

http://yourmedicalsource.com/yms_imag http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/La es/meninges_400.jpg bs/Lab9/Examples/exchorpl.htm
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

choroid plexuses

folds of pia matter with numerous capillaries line 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles of brain lined by ependyma (simple cuboidal epithelium) produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

clear, slightly viscous fluid circulates through ventricles, subarachnoid space, perivascular space and central canal of spinal cord specific gravity = 1.004-1.008 total amount = 80-150 ml rate of production = 14-36ml/hr (500 ml/day) turnover rate = 3-4x/ day acts as water cushion for CNS

composition:

sugar protein traces inorganic salts lymphocytes

only cells present 1-3/ml

produced by:
1. 2. 3.
choroid plexuses pia mater brain substance
mostly
arachnoid villi

drain CSF into venous system granular structure arise from arachnoid membrane penetrates dura and projects into superior sagittal sinus.
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/Exam ples/exchorpl.htm
http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/archive/1998/winter_98/cb_380/anatomy /Meninges.JPG
arrangement of neurons in CNS

Gray Matter

cell bodies dendrites proximal parts of axons neuroglial cells in brain, located in periphery in spinal cord, located deep myelinated axons in brain, located deep to gray matter in spinal cord located in periphery.
White Matter

http://www.csus.edu/org/nrg/carter/NeurosylActive/spinalcord/ cervline.gif
Types of Neurons According to length of axon in CNS

1.

Golgi Type I
long axons that

leave CNS or leave gray matter & terminate in some distance in another part of gray matter
2.

Golgi Type II
short axons.
Nervous System

Anatomic Divisions
1.
Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain

in cranial cavity vertebral cavity
spinal cord

2.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

cranial nerves (12 pairs) spinal nerves (31 pairs) associated ganglia.
Nervous System

1.
Functional Divisions
Somatic Nervous System

neurons in CNS & PNS that are concerned with skeletal muscles, bones & skin
2.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

neurons in CNS & PNS that are concerned with smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands afferent (sensory) neurons efferent (motor/secretory) neurons association neurons
components of both:

peripheral nerve definition of some terms

in CNS

in PNS

nucleus

ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies with a common function
collection of nerve cell bodies other components of ganglion: capsule satellite cells supporting elements bundles of myelinated nerve fibers most are mixed nerves (i.e., sensory and motor)
tract
bundles of myelinated nerve fibers with same functions

peripheral nerve

peripheralNerve : organization Peripheral nerve

nerve fiber

axon, neurilemmal sheath, myelin sheath and basal lamina enveloped by endoneurium collection of nerve fibers enveloped by perineurium
nerve fiber bundles or fascicles

peripheral nerve (nerve trunk; nerve)

collection of nerve bundles enveloped by epineurium eg. sciatic& ulnar nerves often a mixed nerve--contains both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers.
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/nervous/wp_images
peripheral nerve endings

refers to terminations of peripheral nerves in epithelial, connective and muscle tissues types: according to function
1. 2. 3.
sensory motor secretory.

sensory nerve endings:

terminations of axons of sensory neurons that are:

in craniospinal ganglia (body) pseudounipolar - single process (axon) that biurcates a short distance from perikaryon into: axon - smaller and poorly myelinated dendrite wellmyelinated therefore structurally an axon but functionally dendrite; often referred to as an axon or sensory axon
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126536/neuron_type.gif

sensory nerve endings: types :

1. 2. 3.
simple expanded-tip endings encapsulated
http://webanatomy.net/histology/neural/free_nerves.j pg
nerve fibers stripped of neurilemmal sheath and myelin sensitive to touch, pain and temperature



1. 2. 3.

http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/images/ skin3.gif
http://www.trinity.edu/rblyston/MicroA/Lectu res/L34-html/sld018.htm
e.g. Merkel disc underneath epidermis consists of leaf-like expansion of naked axon terminal in contact with Merkel cell sensitive to touch and pressure


1. 2. 3.

consists of: 1. naked nerve axon 2. connective tissue capsule encloses axon lamellated


1. 2. 3.

Ruffini s corpuscle end-bulb of Krause Vater-Pacini corpuscle Meissner s corpuscle Neuromuscular spindle Golgi tendon organ
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/Lecture/Main/integ2.htm
small, spindle-shaped structure seen in dermis discussed withcomponents: muscle tissue

1. 2.
naked axon thin connective tissue capsule
sensitive to stretch.


1. 2. 3.

small (50Qm), oval structure present in conjunctiva, mucous membrane of lips, dermis, glans penis, clitoris components:

axon that arborizes within capsule thin lamellated capsule
sensitive to touch and pressure.
http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS_Images/SAS_Physio l_Images/SAS%20neuropics/Neurons_04.jpg
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/MicroscopicAnato my/Images/Plate126.jpg


1. 2. 3.


largest of sensory nerve endings up to 0.5 mm diameter and 2 cm long like cut surface of onion seen in dermis, hypodermis, pancreas, mammary gland, mesenteries, external genitalia
Vater-Pacini corpuscle, dermis, x400


1. 2. 3.
components


capsule with 30 or more layers of connective tissue fibers single axon that loses myelin as it enters capsule
sensitive to vibration and pressure.
Vater-Pacini corpuscle, dermis, x400


1. 2. 3.

Meissners corpuscle, skin, x400

components:
1.
2.
axon that loses myelin sheath as it enters inferior pole; follows tortuous route inside lamellated capsule
sensitive to touch.

motor/secretory nerve endings:

1.
responsible for contraction of muscles/secretion of glands somatic motor neurons

skeletal muscles axon terminals of fibers form specialized junctions with muscle fibers called motor endplates (myoneural junctions) smooth and cardiac muscles do not form specialized junctional complexes terminate a short distance from muscle fiber glands ..
2.
visceral motor neurons

discussed with muscle tissue
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NERVOUS TISSUE

Integration and Control Systems of Body

nervous system endocrine system

Integration and Control Systems of Body

all cells and glands (endocrine glands) that elaborate hormones

Integration and Control Systems of Body

Integration and Control Systems of Body

nervous system : anatomic divisions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

in cranial cavity vertebral cavity

endocrine system Peripheral Nervous System

Integration and Control Systems of Body

nervous tissue BASIC TISSUES

epithelial tissue (epithelium) connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

special type of epithelium to some because it:

arises from embryonic ectoderm is very cellular.

neuron tissue:composition nervous(nerve cell)

neurons (nerve cells) neuroglial cells (supporting cells; glial cells)

neuron (nerve cell)

functional unit of nervous tissue number:

neuron (nerve cell)

ability to respond to stimuli ability to transmit stimuli

neuron (nerve cell)

terminally differentiated cell

body (perikaryon; soma)

cytoplasm (neuroplasm) that is enclosed by cell membrane (plasmalemma; neurolemma) axon

body (perikaryon; soma)

nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils

body (perikaryon; soma)

Spinal ganglion, x400

body (perikaryon; soma)

organelles nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils

body (perikaryon; soma)

body (perikaryon; soma)

body (perikaryon; soma)

body (perikaryon; soma)

body (perikaryon; soma)

nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils

body (perikaryon; soma)

fat droplets  probably energy reserves lipofuscin granules

as in other cells, end result of lysosomal activity melanin

iron granules  in globus pallidus.

body (perikaryon; soma)

nucleus organelles inclusions neurofibrils

body (perikaryon; soma)

neurofibrils : types 1. microtubules (neurotubules)  extend to all processes

body (perikaryon; soma)

body (perikaryon; soma)

microtubules (neurotubules) neurofilaments

body (perikaryon; soma)

microtubules (neurotubules) neurofilaments

thinnest (3-5 nm) structurally, same as those in other cells (F-actin).

body (perikaryon; soma) processes processes usually contains >

according to number of processes unipolar

processes 1. axon 2. dendrite

transmits impulse toward cell body.

bouton terminaux bouton en passant.

axonal transport = transports of materials to & from soma.

neurilemmal sheath myelin in peripheral nervous system (PNS)

in central nervous system (CNS)

neurilemmal sheath myelin in peripheral nervous system

also formed by Schwann cell node of Ranvier

fat droplets probably energy reserves lipofuscin granules

iron granules in globus pallidus.

neurofibrils : types 1. microtubules (neurotubules) extend to all processes

synaptic cleft usually expanded portion of

astrocytes types: oligodendrocytes largest of glial cells

in CNS than macroglia smaller