Analytical

Preparation
with discussion about Statistical Analysis and Quality Control

Definition of Important
Glossary Terms

Population- is the universe of the sample. It is where analyst got there samples by using sampling methods. Sample- A portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. Sampling-The act, process, or technique of selecting a small portion, piece, or segment selected as a sample. ErrorsAnalytes- is a substance or chemical constituent that is determined in an analytical procedure LimitsMean -the sum of the values divided by the number of values. Median- is described as the numeric value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. Mode- the value that occurs most frequently

Definition of Important
Glossary Terms

Variance- is used as a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from each other. Range- a measure of the variation in a set

of data, computed by subtracting the lowest value from the highest value in the same set.
Confidence interval-is a particular kind of interval estimate of a population parameter and is used to indicate the reliability of an estimate. Interferences- other word for substance impurity True value- the value of the measurement is never known exactly, it is the one being compared to the mean of the sample to come up of the degree of fluctuation in the experiments. Replicates-in an experiment a replicate test is a fully repeated set of test conditions Control sample-A material of known composition that is analyzed along with test samples in order to evaluate the accuracy of an analytical procedure. Also known as check sample. Significant level- is the criterion used for rejecting the null hypothesis.

Introduction
As future medical technologists, we aim to
deliver not just accurate information but the precise or the exact results of the diagnosis of the examinations done.

But before the Medical Technologist arrive at

the final results of the tests, there are series of events happening before the action has taken place, it is Sampling Preparation.

Sampling Preparation is essential to

of all the results which will be diagnosed by the Medical Technologist.

If ever the quality of the samples used is

erroneous , it will be expected that the results of the diagnosis will be erroneous as well and as future Medical Technologist we need to know everything about Sampling Preparation because we are the one who need to maintain the integrity of the sample gathered from the patients no matter what happens.

In this chapter, we are going to talk all about

Sampling Preparation, the relationship of

At the end of the report, students are expected

to:
Identify and define the use of the different glossary terms used in the study of Sampling Preparation. Explain the differences of sampling procedures, sampling techniques and sampling methods and be able to discuss about the processes undertaken by the samples. Apply the Measures of Central Tendencies and the Measures of Variability in the study of Sampling Preparations. Evaluate the results in the statistical analysis of data, calculate the percentage of error of the data and compare the results in the given control charts. Appreciate the significance of studying Sampling

Objectives

Discussion Proper

Sampling is the process of collecting a small part of a material whose composition is representative of the bulk of material from which it is taken. Sampling procedures are usually used at characteristic level of a task list or material specification. Sampling procedure defines the rules that specify how the system calculates the sample size and it contains information about the valuation of an inspection characteristic during results recording (attributive, variable, manual, etc.) .Sampling Method is subdivided into two: the probability and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, there are simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster (area) sampling, multistage sampling. In non-probability sampling, Deliberate (quota) sampling, Convenience sampling, Purposive sampling.

Discussion Proper

Sample preservation is the measure or measures taken to prevent reduction or loss of target analytes. Analyte loss may occur between the sample collection and data analysis because of the physical, chemical and biological processes that results in chemical precipitation, adsorption, oxidation-reduction, ion exchange, degrassing or degradation. We are now in the sample preparation proper. In analytical chemistry, sample preparation refers to the ways in which a sample is treated prior to its analysis. Preparation is a very important step in most analytical techniques, because the techniques are often not responsive to the analyte in its in-situ form, or the results are distorted by interfering species. Sample preparation may involve dissolution, reaction with some chemical species, pulverizing, treatment with a chelating agent (e.g. EDTA), masking, Filtering, dilution, sub-sampling or many other techniques.
Pulverizing machines
Dissolution set-ups

Discussion Proper

What are the methods used in getting the measurement of the sample? Gravimetric methods- mass Volumetric methods- volume Electroanalytic methods- electrical properties Spectroscopic methods- interaction between matter and radiated energy. The Measures of Central Tendency Mean: is simply the arithmetic average and can be found by adding all the data points in an equally weighted set and then dividing by N

So,

Discussion Proper

Median: The median is the middle of a distribution: half the scores are above the median and half are below the median. The median is less sensitive to extreme scores than the mean and this makes it a better measure than the mean for highly skewed distributions. The median income is usually more informative than the mean income, for example. When there is an odd number of numbers, the median is simply the middle number. For example, the median of 2, 4, and 7 is 4. When there is an even number of numbers, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers. Thus, the median of the numbers 2, 4, 7, 12 is (4+7)/2 = 5.5. Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution and is used as a measure of central tendency. The advantage of the mode as a measure of central tendency is that its meaning is obvious. Further, it is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal data. The mode is greatly subject to sample fluctuations and is therefore not recommended to be used as the only measure of central tendency. A

Discussion Proper

The Measures of Variability Range: The range is the simplest measure of variability to calculate, and one you have probably encountered many times in your life. The range is simply the highest score minus the lowest score. HS-LS= RANGE Variance: Variability can also be defined in terms of how close the scores in the distribution are to the middle of the distribution. Using the mean as the measure of the middle of the distribution, the variance is defined as the average squared difference of the scores from the mean. 2=((X )2)/N

Discussion Proper

Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance. The standard deviation (s) is a measure of the deviation from the mean. The standard deviation is an especially useful measure of variability when the distribution is normal or approximately normal

Experimental Error : In conducting an experiment a person encounters one or more of three general types of errors: human error, systematic error, and random error. Human error (a mistake) occurs when you, the experimenter, make a mistake. Systematic error is an error inherent in the experimental set up which causes the results to be skewed in the same direction every time, i.e., always too large or always too small. All experiments have random error, which occurs

Discussion Proper

ERROR ANALYSIS One way to analyze experimental error is with a % error calculation. The % error is useful when you have a single experimental result that you wish to compare with a standard value, or when you have two experimental values obtained by different means that you wish to compare. The % error is calculated according to the following formula. In the formula, Percent error = measured value true value X100 true value Calculating Results Estimate Reliability of Results How to calibrate? -use standards weights and units Control Sample- are solutions with known concentration SampleNormal within the confidence interval Abnormal- outside the confidence interval or Abnormalwithin the warning limits. Ex. 70-100 mg/dL of blood 70mg/dL

Discussion Proper

Confidence Limits: The standard deviation is related to another estimate of precision known as the confidence limit or the confidence interval. The confidence interval is a range of values, based on the mean and the standard deviation of the data set, where there is a known probability of finding the true value.

t = limits of the Confidence interval around the = mean of the samples S= standard deviation N= number of samples

Discussion Proper

Confidence Level The confidence level is the probability value associated with a confidence interval. It is often expressed as a percentage. For example, say , then the confidence level is equal to (1-0.05) = 0.95, i.e. a 95% confidence level. The use of control charts A Control Chart is a tool you can use to monitor a process. It graphically depicts the average value and the upper and lower control limits (the highest and lowest values) of a process. *There are different formulae for calculating control limits,
depending on the different type of Control Charts being used.

Common causes are flaws inherent in the design of the process. Special causes are variations from standards caused by employees or by unusual circumstances or events. Examples of control charts, shewart chart to see the variations in health care processes

#1]

X 0.4 0.6 0.8 x= 0.6

X-x -0.2 0.0 0.2

Exercises just 4 you

Find the mean and standard deviation.

#2]

Density of H2O (from experiment) 0.993 g/mL

Density of H2O (from actual value) 1.00 g/mL

Exercises just 4 you

Find the %error of the sample.

Exercises just 4 you

#3]

#4]

Pressure (P) 1.00 atm 1.10 atm 0.80 atm 0.967 atm 0.967 atm 0.967 atm 0.033 0.133 -0.167 0.00109 0.01769 0.02789

Exercises just 4 you

(P) = 1.00 atm, 1.10 atm and 0.80 atm The standard deviation can be calculated as follows a. First find the difference between each of the values and the mean and square the results: b.Take the summation of the difference squared: S = 0.04667 c. Divide this number by N-1, or in this case 2: 0.04667 / 2 = 0.023335 d. Take the square root of this value and round off to two significant digits: s = 0.15

Evaluation
1. Identify and define the use of the different glossary terms used in the study of Sampling Preparation. 2. Explain the differences of sampling procedures, sampling methods and be able to discuss about the processes undertaken by the samples before analysis. 3. Apply the Measures of Central Tendencies and the Measures of Variability in the study of Sampling Preparations. 4. Evaluate the results in the statistical analysis of data, calculate the percentage of error of the data and compare the results in the given control charts. 5. Appreciate the significance of studying Sampling Preparation in the study of our subject, Analytic Chemistry, in the field of our course, and in our daily encounters in our life.